Flux des sites DIP

The Chinese University of Hong Kong’s Centre for Comparative and Transnational Law is organising the seminar From Certainty to Uncertainty – CISG in Hong Kong

On 29th September 2021 at 12:30–2:00pm (Hong Kong Time), the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passed the Sale of Goods (United Nations Convention) Ordinance (Cap. 641) in order to give effect to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna, 1980) (CISG). The Ordinance is expected to come into force at some points in 2022. While the CISG seems like a successful international treaty with (currently) 94 State Parties, yet it is not uncommon for international commercial parties to in fact “opt out” or exclude its application as per the mechanism provided for in Article 6. Not all provisions in the CISG are written in a clear manner. Certain concepts contained therein are unfamiliar to lawyers trained in the common law legal tradition. This seminar is to argue that the decision to introduce the CISG into Hong Kong was in fact the decision to introduce uncertainty into an area of law which was once certain with well-supported statutes, case law authorities grounded upon the solid common law foundation, and advanced private international law and dispute resolution mechanisms.

About the speaker:

Dr Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit is a Lecturer in Maritime Law within the Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania. He is also holding a position of a Research Associate within the Research Centre for Private International Law in Emerging Countries, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He is a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Supporting Member of the London Maritime Arbitrators Association. His research interests lie in commercial conflict of laws (private international law), insurance law, private aspects of admiralty and maritime law, carriage of goods by sea, international sale of goods carried by sea, and aspects of international arbitration. His recent publications include: Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit and Dharmita Prasad (eds), Blurry Boundaries of Public and Private International Law: Towards Convergence or Divergent Still (Springer Nature 2022), Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit and Sai Ramani Garimella (eds), Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: A Multidisciplinary Perspective (Thomson Reuters Hong Kong Limited 2019), Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit and Sai Ramani Garimella (eds), China’s One Belt One Road Initiative and Private International Law (Routledge 2018)

CPD credit is available upon application and subject to accreditation by the Law Society of Hong Kong (currently pending).

Register here by 5 pm (Hong Kong time) on 26 May 2022 to attend the seminar.

Cedric Hornung has published an inspiring book , titled Internationales Privatrecht zwischen Wertneutralität und Politik (Mohr Siebeck, 2021), about a fundamental tension underlying Private International Law.

On the one hand, the discipline is meant to be value-neutral, in the sense that it admonishes the judge to abstain from evaluating national legal systems before applying them. On the other hand, conflicts rules have become increasingly charged by politics in the last decades, as illustrated, e.g., by the special rules on the protection of consumers in Rome I and the environment in Rome II, or the discussions about the recognition of same-sex marriages or surrogate motherhood. Against this background, Hornung asks the – apparently rhetorical – question whether a private international law free from politisation is at all possible.

The book has been published in German. The author has kindly provided us with the following English summary:

The first main chapter seeks to provide terminological clarity on the meaning of “value-neutrality” and “politics” in the context of private international law. With the help of political concepts by essential theorists such as Aristoteles, Hannah Arendt and Jacques Rancière, the author concludes that two main elements characterise the modern understanding of this field of law: pluralism and internationalisation. When­ever a conflict-of-law rule itself or the underlying motivation reflects a unilateral or national perspective, the idea of an apolitical PIL is abandoned. Still, some instruments have been implemented in the European choice-of-law process despite their political background – the ordre public and the idea of overriding mandatory provisions are just two instances of such generally-accepted perforations. However, the author underlines that these political mechanisms need to respect certain boundaries within their politicisations so as to not completely impede the indented value-neutrality.

The second main part deals with the evolution of political and social incitements when it comes to determining the applicable law in past epochs. Starting with the antique ius gentium and moving on to cross-border legal practice in the Middle Ages, the author examines in which way territorial intentions in particular have played a central role for centuries. With regard to the late statutists, he illustrates that regional interests overlayed the conflict between municipal laws even in cases where universal rules had seemingly been established. Following, modern conceptions of PIL are presented: The author points out that, although often being named as the “father” of modern conflict of laws, Friedrich Carl von Savigny did not manage to globally exclude social, economic, and power-related reasons from his image of the “seat of the legal relation”. Then again, the “nationality rule” of his Italian counterpart Pasquale Stanislao Mancini should not be misinterpreted as purely nationalistic procedure – just like some of the approaches from the North American continent. From a German point of view, a depoliticization of the choice of law has only been realised in the PIL reforms of 1986 and 1999 where virtually no unilateral argument came into effect. On the contrary, the author closes the chapter with a glance at the Europeanisation of this field of law which quite regularly resurrects biased explanatory models.

Subsequent to the historical analysis, the view shifts towards recent developments: On the basis of the infamous Art. 10 of the Rome III Regulation and Art. 13 al. 3 of the German EGBGB (Introductory Act to the Civil Code), the author documents the current tendency to stigmatise some legal orders as per se irreconcilable with European ideals. By embodying this trend, these provisions deny a genuine value-neutrality and superimpose a classification ex ante. How social and protective measures can be incorporated into the conflict of laws without a fundamental breach with its principles is explained in matters of human rights: Thanks to their – at least theoretical – universality, they are suited as gateway for political concerns in the search for the applicable law. Particularly in international supply chains, PIL ought to defend these essential guarantees at an early stage of the legal treatment.

Aldricus – Birkenstock sudah ada sejak lama dan masih sangat populer. Mereka tidak hanya bergaya, tetapi juga cukup mendukung, menjadikannya sandal yang luar biasa. Birkenstock dapat membantu mereka yang mengalami sakit kaki atau kesusahan. Sepatu ini memiliki beberapa keunggulan untuk individu dari berbagai usia. Akan bermanfaat bagi kaki Anda untuk memakai sandal Birkenstock dalam waktu lama.

Sandal Birkenstock menyesuaikan dengan karakteristik kaki Anda. Secara khusus, gabus dan lateks alam digunakan untuk membuat alas kaki. Ini berbentuk seperti kaki yang sehat, mendukung struktur dan kontur alami kaki dengan mendistribusikan kekuatan secara merata di sekitar lengkungan.

Salah satu perhatian paling penting saat membeli sandal adalah kenyamanan. Untungnya, ini adalah salah satu keuntungan Birkenstock terbesar. Alas kaki mereka dibuat khusus agar pas dengan kaki Anda. Mereka menjadi lebih nyaman saat Anda memakainya untuk waktu yang lama. Ini berarti bahwa jika seseorang mencoba sandal Anda, mereka akan jauh lebih tidak nyaman daripada Anda.

Anda harus lebih memperhatikan kaki Anda sekarang jika Anda ingin menghindari masalah kaki di tahun-tahun berikutnya. Salah satu manfaat Birkenstock terbaik adalah dapat membantu dalam perawatan masalah kaki yang populer. Birkenstock memiliki insole ortopedi yang memberikan kemampuan, dukungan, dan bantalan pada kaki Anda. Akibatnya, sandal ini dapat mencegah kapalan , bunion, kuku kaki yang tumbuh ke dalam, dan masalah nyeri kaki lainnya.

Daya tahan sandal Anda sangat penting. Anda harus mempertimbangkan apakah sandal ini akan bertahan lama atau akan cepat kotor dan memerlukan perawatan atau bahkan penggantian secara berkala. Ini sangat penting jika Anda sering bepergian sepanjang musim panas, karena Anda tidak ingin sepatu Anda berantakan di tengah perjalanan.

Birkenstock tersedia dalam berbagai desain dan warna. Mereka sangat mudah beradaptasi dan dapat digunakan dengan hampir semua aktivitas atau pakaian. Mereka cocok untukseharian di pantai, berjalan-jalan di sekitar kota, dan bahkan mendaki. Ini adalah sandal klasik dengan sentuhan kontemporer. Birkenstock telah ada di pasaran selama lebih dari 200 tahun dan masih kuat. Keuntungan dan kemampuan beradaptasi mereka hanya meningkat.

The post Beberapa Manfaat Menggunakan Brand Birkenstock appeared first on Aldri Blog.

The Center for International Legal Education at Pitt Law and the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators–North America Branch are jointly hosting a hybrid panel event on 21 April from 1-5ET.

This event will bring together academics, arbitrators, and counsel to discuss strategic considerations, best practices, and the legal discord in procuring third-party discovery in aid of arbitration. Top of the agenda will be a discussion of the recent Supreme Court argument regarding 28 U.S.C § 1782, which has given rise to nationwide discord regarding whether parties in international arbitrations can ask federal courts to order U.S. discovery in aid of arbitral proceedings.

Registration for both virtual and in-person attendance in Pittsburgh can be found here.

CILE-CIArb Event

A new blog devoted to transnational litigation — Transnational Litigation Blog, or TLB — is now officially up and running. The primary focus of TLB is on transnational litigation in U.S. courts (both state and federal). It covers notable new cases and recent scholarship and provides commentary on decisions and developments. The founding editors of TLB are John Coyle (North Carolina), Bill Dodge (UC-Davis), Maggie Gardner (Cornell), and Ingrid Brunk Wuerth (Vanderbilt). A link to the blog can be found here.

Last week Saudi Arabia acceded to the HCCH Apostille Convention. The Apostille Convention will enter into force for Saudi Arabia on 7 December 2022. The HCCH news item is available here.

This accession is remarkable in two ways.  First, it clearly signals an increased interest in the Apostille Convention in the Middle East. In this regard, it should be noted that the Apostille Convention entered into force for Bahrain on 31 December 2013 and for Oman on 30 January 2012. For a list of Contracting Parties, click here.

Secondly, it will greatly facilitate the ease with which public documents circulate in this region (and globally) as in some of these countries a legalization, especially for commercial documents, is either very expensive or the fees are dependent on a percentage of the total amount of the invoice or a tabular fee. See for an example here. The price of an Apostille should be, after all, reasonable.

The Radboud University Nijmegen is organising a hybrid conference on 9-10 June 2022 dedicated to The Role of Courts and Access to Justice in the Digital Era. The programme of the event can be consulted here.

The conference is a collaboration of three groups of researchers based at Radboud University: the Institutions for Conflict Resolution group, the Digital Legal Studies group and the Interdisciplinary Hub on Privacy, Security and Data Governance (iHub), and it is made possible also with the support of the Digital Legal Studies Sectorplan and Radboud University.

The theme of the event is triggered by the European Union and national governments emphasis on the need for and benefits of digitalisation of justice. Digitalisation is meant to ‘modernise’ the conduct of judicial procedures. However, there is little reflection on what such ‘modernisation’ entails – beyond saving time and costs – and why a ‘modernised’ procedure is preferable to a ‘traditional’ procedure. In addition, the overall impact of digitalisation of justice on access to justice remains unaddressed: what kind of (access to) justice are governments building? In turn, this requires to examine whether digitalisation of justice changes or indeed transforms – as the concept of ‘digital transformation’ claims – the nature of the justice system, and whether these changes are always positive or desirable. Some even argue that beyond ‘modernisation’ or ‘transformation’, the current reforms amount to a ‘digital revolution’.

Digitalisation is often viewed as a key condition to ensuring effective justice in the modern era, enhancing ‘resilience’ of justice systems. It presumably helps tackle delays, enhance legal certainty, and make justice cheaper and more accessible for all. At the same time, challenges associated with digitalisation are highlighted, such as ensuring access for disadvantaged groups to digital technologies, the impact of digital technologies on fundamental rights and procedural justice, and ensuring security and privacy of digital solutions. The emergence of new technology brings with it the need for ongoing assessment of its impact.

For this purpose the conference brings together about 60 researchers from approximately 30 countries to critically assess the process of digitalisation of justice systems and the evolving role of courts in the digital era in Europe and beyond.

Further information about the conference can be found here. Registration is available here.

                    Judges & collective redress:

new perspectives and opportunities for judiciary

          Thursday 12 May 2022, 15:00 to 17:30 CEST

       This online event will be held in English and is reserved for judges and members of judiciaries.

                            >>> REGISTER HERE <<<

Judges may play an important role in collective redress actions following mass harm situations. Mass harm situations refer to cases where a number of persons are harmed by the same illegal practices relating to the violation of their rights by one or more traders or other persons. Collective redress actions may seek the cessation of such practices and/or compensation. The fact that such disputes concern large numbers of persons raises specific procedural challenges but also offers opportunities in terms of efficient administration of justice.

In the context of the EU’s Representative Actions Directive, which will come into application in June 2023, judges will be called upon to undertake specific tasks. Depending on the national rules transposing the Directive, they may be required to assess the admissibility and merits of the actions, to ensure that consumers are appropriately represented and informed, to verify that the interests of all represented parties are well-protected, etc. The objective of this workshop is to raise awareness on collective redress and to exchange on the roles of judges in collective redress actions.

During a panel discussion, three judges with recognised expertise in the field of collective redress will share their insight and experience:

Mr. Fabian Reuschle (judge at the Stuttgart Regional court – Landgericht – Germany). Fabian Reuschle actively participated in the adoption of the German Capital Markets Model Case Act (KapMuG) establishing a lead case procedure for the collective handling of capital market-related actions.

Sir Peter Roth (judge at the London High Court & UK Competition Appeal Tribunal). Sir Peter presided over a collective litigation against MasterCard lodged on behalf of 46 million consumers.

Mr. Jeroen Chorus (retired judge, formerly at the Amsterdam Court of Appeal, the Netherlands). Jeroen Chorus was notably in charge of the Dexia and Shell mass settlement with consequences on consumers in multiple European jurisdictions.

Programme:

• Judge Roth
• Judge Chorus
• Judge Reuschle

Panel moderated by Maria José Azar-Baud (University of Paris-Saclay, France) & Ianika Tzankova (University of Tilburg, the Netherlands) 16:30-17:15 Questions & Answers session with the audience (moderated by Magdalena Tulibacka, Oxford University, UK/Emory  University – United States and with the participation of the representatives of the Directorate-General for Justice & Consumers of the European Commission 17:15-17:30 Concluding remarks

This project is funded by the European Union.

Attendance to the event is free but registration is mandatory. The number of registrations is limited. Therefore, please register as soon as possible via the following link.

For questions, please contact us.

In a judgment of 11 May 2021 (Stetsov v. Ukraine; final version: 11 August 2021), the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) ruled on whether commercial claims may be enforced by restraining the debtor from leaving the country which ordered the payment of the claim. It found that, in principle, enforcing commercial claims through such restrictions was compliant with the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the Convention), but that the restriction in the case at hand was disproportionate and thus justified the finding that Ukraine had violated the Convention.

Mr Stetsov, a Ukrainian national and resident, granted a personal guarantee to a bank that a company would reimburse a loan of USD 1.5 million. After the company defaulted, the bank sued Stetsov for payment in Ukrainian courts. The Court of Appeal of Kharkiv and a Ukrainian superior court eventually ordered Stetsov to pay about USD 950,000 and additional sums in hryvnias (Ukrainian currency) in judgments rendered in 2014.

As Stetsov would not pay, enforcement officers applied to courts in Kyiv for an order prohibiting Setsov from leaving Ukraine until full payment of the claim. The Kyiv Court of Appeal granted the remedy at the end of 2014, on the grounds that Stetsov knew about the judgment, and had not made any effort to start paying the judgment in four months.

Stetsov applied to replace the measure by establishing a payment of 20% of his monthly salary. The alternate remedy was established, but enforcement officers refused to lift the restriction until full payment of the judgment.

Stetsov sued Ukraine before the ECtHR.

Ukraine has ratified Protocol No. 4 to the Convention securing certain rights and freedoms other than those already included in the Convention and in the first Protocol thereto, which provides

Article 1 – Prohibition of imprisonment for debt
No one shall be deprived of his liberty merely on the ground of inability to fulfil a contractual obligation.

Article 2 – Freedom of movement
1 Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence.
2 Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own.
3 No restrictions shall be placed on the exercise of these rights other than such as are in accordance with law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, for the maintenance of ordre public, for the prevention of crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.
4 The rights set forth in paragraph 1 may also be subject, in particular areas, to restrictions imposed in accordance with law and justified by the public interest in a democratic society.

Both parties agreed that Mr Stetsov suffered a restriction to his freedom of movement. They also agreed that such restriction was provided by law (a Ukrainian statute, the legal basis has changed since then) and served a legitimate goal, which was “the protection of the rights of others”. The ECtHR agreed.

The only debate between the parties was thus whether the restriction was proportionate. The ECtHR ruled that after a short initial period, the restriction could only be maintained after finding that the restriction could serve its purpose, i.e. ensuring the payment of the debt.

In this case, the ECtHR found that the decision of Ukrainian enforcement authorities was that the restriction could only be lifted after full payment of the debt. The ECtHR concluded that the restriction could thus not be reviewed to assess whether it was still justified, which made it a disproportionate restriction to the freedom of movement of the applicant.

The applicant sought EUR 10,000 in compensation for its ‘prejudice moral’. The ECtHR generously awarded him EUR 1,000.

Some will find it disappointing that the ECtHR did not condemn more vigorously the use of restrictions to the freedom of movement for the purpose of enforcing civil and commercial claims (French human rights scholar Margenaud has made it clear in a short commentary he has written on this case). It seems, however, that the comparison between Articles 1 and 2 of the protocol makes it clear that legislative intent was not to ban restrictions from leaving a territory, but rather to give significant discretion to the Contracting States.

In contrast, imprisonment for the purpose of paying a debt seems to be banned in principle, irrespective of the proportionality of such remedy. An interesting question is whether the prohibition would extend to imprisonment for failing to comply with an injunction aiming at securing the payment of a debt, such as a Cyprus or Irish Mareva injunction.

The Court of Justice delivered on 7 April 2022 its judgment in case C‑645/20 (V A), which is about the Succession Regulation:

“Article 10(1)(a) of Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 […] must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a Member State must raise of its own motion its jurisdiction under the rule of subsidiary jurisdiction referred to in that provision where, having been seised on the basis of the rule of general jurisdiction established in Article 4 of that regulation, it finds that it has no jurisdiction under that latter provision”.

Source: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=257493&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=2662053

The Court of Justice delivered on 7 April 2022 its judgment in case C‑568/20 (J v H Limited), which is about Brussels I bis:

“Article 2(a) and Article 39 of [Brussels I bis] must be interpreted as meaning that an order for payment made by a court of a Member State on the basis of final judgments delivered in a third State constitutes a judgment and is enforceable in the other Member States if it was made at the end of adversarial proceedings in the Member State of origin and was declared to be enforceable in that Member State. The fact that it is recognised as a judgment does not, however, deprive the party against whom enforcement is sought of the right to apply, pursuant to Article 46 of that regulation, for a refusal of enforcement on one of the grounds referred to in Article 45”.

Source: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=257492&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=2662053

The Court of Justice delivered on 7 April 2022 its judgement in case C‑236/20 (PG), which is about the working conditions of the Judges of the Peace in Italy. Progressively, with this case and previous ones on working conditions of judges, along with several judgments on the Rule of Law (e.g. touching on the recruitment of judges, or disciplinary proceedings against judges), the Court of Justice is building a European framework of the status of judges.

“1. Article 7 of Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time, Clause 4 of the framework agreement on part-time work […] and Clause 4 of the framework agreement on fixed-term work […] must be interpreted as precluding national legislation which does not provide for an entitlement for magistrates to 30 days’ paid annual leave or to a social security and pension scheme deriving from the employment relationship, such as that provided for ordinary judges, if that magistrate comes within the definition of ‘part-time worker’ within the meaning of the framework agreement on part-time work and/or ‘fixed-term worker’ within the meaning of the framework agreement on fixed-term work and is in a comparable situation to that of an ordinary judge.

2. Clause 5(1) of the framework agreement on fixed-term work […] must be interpreted as precluding national legislation pursuant to which a fixed-term employment relationship can be renewed a maximum of three times successively, each renewal being for a duration of four years, for a total duration that does not exceed 16 years, and which does not provide for the possibility of penalising in an effective and dissuasive way the abusive continuance of the employment relationship”.

Source: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=257484&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=2654588

AG Collins delivered on 31 March 2022 his opinion in case C‑18/21 (Uniqa Versicherungen AG v VU), which is about the European Order for Payment:

“Articles 16, 20 and 26 of Regulation (EC) No 1896/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 creating a European order for payment procedure do not preclude the adoption, in the circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, of a national measure that interrupted the 30-day time limit for lodging a statement of opposition to a European order for payment contained in Article 16(2) thereof”.

Source: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=256962&text=&dir=&doclang=EN&part=1&occ=first&mode=DOC&pageIndex=0&cid=1171245

The Yong Pung How Professorship of Law Lecture 2022 will be held online on Wednesday 25 May 2022 at 5:00 to 6:30pm Singapore time. The speaker, Professor Yeo Tiong Min, SC (Hon), who holds the Yong Pung How Professorship of Law chair at the Singapore Management University, will speak on ‘ The Effect of Choice of Court Agreements on Third Parties’. The synopsis for the talk is as follows:

“The effect of choice of court agreements on the exercise of jurisdiction of the Singapore court between contracting parties at common law has received clarification in Singapore law in recent years. The position is also clear under the SICC Rules and the Choice of Court Agreements Act. The effect on third parties is less clear. In this lecture, the effect of choice of court agreements on the position of third parties under the legal regimes above will be considered, from the perspective of both conflict of laws and the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act in domestic Singapore law.”

Attendance at the webinar is complimentary. More information and the link to register can be found here.

A series of online seminars has been in launched in December 2021, organised by the team of the Vici project Affordable Access to Justice at the Erasmus School of Law: the general topic is Trends and Challenges in Costs and Funding of Civil Justice.

The next seminar in the series is scheduled for 20 April 2022 (14-16 CET) under the title Austerity policies and litigation costs reforms.

The relationship between access to justice, efficiency of courts, and litigation costs has never been an easy one. Yet, finding a proper equilibrium has never been more challenging than in recent times. The EU economic crises of the last decade and austerity policies deeply impacted justice budgets in several EU Member States and triggered justice reforms, particularly in the area of litigation costs. Building on the experiences of three EU jurisdictions that have been greatly affected by such developments (Greece, Portugal, and Spain), the seminar will assess the impact of austerity measures on access to justice.

The speakers are Panagiotis Perakis (Vice President CCBE), Paula Costa e Silva (Lisbon University) and Fernando Gascón Inchausti (Complutense University of Madrid).

Register here to attend the event.

Aldricus – Salah satu alat make up yang kerap digunakan wanita adalah pensil alis. Ya, dengan alat ini, wanita bisa membentuk alis mereka untuk mempercantik tampilan mata. Namun, tentu, untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal, Anda perlu mengetahui cara memakai pensil alis bagi pemula.

Ya, perlu penerapan pensil alis yang tepat yang nantinya akan mempercantik mata. Tidak hanya itu, dengan mengetahui cara penerapan pensil alis, Anda pun nantinya bisa mengatur ketebalan alis agar lebih padu dengan make up yang digunakan.

Nah, bagaimana cara untuk memakai pensil alis tersebut untuk hasil yang maksimal? Simak ulasannya!

Ada beberapa langkah yang perlu diketahui dan dilakukan untuk menggunakan pensil alis demi mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal. Beberapa langkah tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:

• Kenal bentuk wajah

Sebelum memulai menggunakan pensil alis, maka Anda perlu mengenali bentuk wajah terlebih dahulu. Ini adalah hal yang sangat mendasar karena bentuk wajah yang berbeda nantinya bisa memiliki karakteristik wajah yang berbeda pula.

• Hindari melewatkan titik penting alis

Terkait cara memakai pensil alis bagi pemula, untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal, Anda perlu mengetahui titik penting alis. Setidaknya, ada tiga buah titik penting untuk menggambar alis yang maksimal yaitu pangkal alis, ujung alis dan ujung mata.

• Sikat rambut alis menjauhi hidung ke arah atas

Langkah selanjutnya yang perlu Anda lakukan adalah menyikat rambut alis ke arah atas menjauhi hidung. Dengan langkah ini, maka finishing pensil alis nantinya akan terlihat lebih natural dan pensil yang digunakan akan terlihat lebih menyatu.

• Memilih shade pensil alis yang pas

Untuk hasil yang maksimal, pilih shade pensil alis yang pas. Warna hitam mungkin masih menjadi favorite. Namun, Anda bisa menggunakan warna lain yang dikombinasikan dengan warna lipstik atau lainnya.

Nah, beberapa poin di atas adalah cara memakai pensil alis bagi pemula yang perlu Anda ketahui. Tentu, untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal, Anda memang harus lebih sering mencoba, terutama untuk melemaskan tangan yang digunakan menggambar alis.

The post Cara Memakai Pensil Alis Bagi Pemula Untuk Hasil yang Menakjubkan  appeared first on Aldri Blog.

Aldricus – Setiap pria tentu saja ingin memiliki rambut yang tidak hanya tampak rapi namun juga terawat dengan baik untuk menarik perhatian. Apalagi dengan banyaknya kesalahan yang terjadi dalam merawat rambut, sebaiknya simak tips perawatan rambut pria terbaik di bawah ini:

Sayang sekali, banyak yang masih melakukan perawatan rambut pria tidak tepat misalnya dengan menggunakan shampoo conditioner bersamaan dengan cara terburu-buru. Selain itu, salah juga terlalu sering melakukan styling rambut bahkan membilas rambut dengan tidak bersih juga bisa berdampak buruk.

Kesalahan inilah yang kemudian membuat rambut para pria cenderung mudah berketombe, lepek dan bahkan menjadi kasar. Maka, untuk menjaga kesehatan rambut para pria harus tahu tips merawat rambut sesuai prosedur.

Setelah mengenali beberapa kesalahan yang dilakukan, sebaiknya kenali juga beberapa tips terbaik untuk merawat rambut pria agar tampak lebih sehat. Banyak yang tidak tahu, ternyata ini beberapa tips menarik dan tentu saja mudah dilakukan untuk merawat rambut kesayangan masing-masing:

Tips yang pertama ini sebaiknya dilakukan mulai dari saat ini dengan mengatur waktu untuk keramas sesuai dengan ketentuan tanpa berlebihan. Mulai dengan keramas sembari mandi setidaknya tiga kali saja dengan jarak dua atau tiga hari dalam kurun satu minggu.

Kemudian ada juga tips yang lainnya yang sebaiknya dicoba sekarang dengan menentukan shampo yang memang tepat sesuai dengan jenis rambut masing-masing. Misalnya saja, pahami dahulu jenis rambut yang dimiliki kemudian kenali formula yang diperlukan baik rambut kering ataupun berminyak karena berbeda.

Tanpa harus merasa bingung, para pria Indonesia bisa segera memilih produk shampo dan perawatan rambut yang lainnya yang disediakan CLEAR. Produk Clear Hair Care ini sudah pasti akan membuat rambut selalu tampak berkilau dan mudah diatur tanpa harus berhadapan dengan masalah seperti ketombe.

Selain harus menentukan shampo yang tepat sesuai dengan kebutuhan rambutnya, jangan lupa juga menambahkan produk kondisioner yang tepat untuk rambutnya. Bahkan para pria juga perlu untuk membuat jadwal potong rambut secara rutin setidaknya satu kali dalam kurun waktu tiga bulan.

Demikian beberapa tips yang khusus untuk perawatan rambut pria di atas dan bisa dipraktekkan dengan mudah tanpa harus merasa ribet nantinya. Namun untuk hasil yang lebih baik sesuai dengan harapan yang dimiliki, mari gunakan produk lengkap perawatan khusus rambut pria dari CLEAR.

The post Ini Tips Perawatan Rambut Pria yang Tepat appeared first on Aldri Blog.

Aldricus – Rambut kering dan mengembang adalah salah satu masalah yang paling tidak diinginkan bagi setiap perempuan. Penampilan akan terlihat tidak rapi dan kepercayaan diri pun bisa menurun. Saat mengalami masalah seperti ini, solusinya adalah menggunakan conditioner untuk rambut kering dan mengembang.

Namun sebelum menuju ke solusinya, ada baiknya untuk mengetahui dulu penyebab masalah tersebut. Untuk lebih jelasnya, silahkan simak penjelasan berikut ini:

Rambut dapat menjadi kering dan mengembang karena kurangnya produksi minyak di kulit kepala. Meski demikian, ada juga beberapa faktor luar yang dapat menyebabkan hal itu terjadi. Dilansir dari situs Alodokter, berikut ini beberapa hal di antaranya:

Mencuci rambut adalah hal penting untuk menjaga kebersihan rambut dan kulit kepala, namun mencucinya terlalu sering justru akan membuat rambut menjadi kering dan rusak. Cucilah rambut sebanyak 1-2 kali seminggu atau ketika dirasa sudah kotor.

Sinar matahari, angin, serta udara panas dan kering dapat merusak rambut, apalagi jika rambut terpapar terlalu lama olehnya. Pasalnya, rambut adalah bagian yang rentan terhadap kandungan polusi di udara serta debu dan bakteri yang terbawa angin.

Menjaga kesehatan rambut tidak cukup hanya dengan keramas. Dengan penggunaan conditioner setelah keramas membuat kadar minyak alami di rambut tetap terjaga sehingga membuatnya tetap sehat.

Conditioner juga membantu menjaga kelembaban rambut. Saat ini tersedia berbagai produk conditioner yang diformulasikan khusus untuk mencegah rambut kering dan mengembang.

Sunsilk Soft & Smooth Conditioner adalah conditioner untuk rambut kering dan mengembang terbaik yang paling direkomendasikan. Dilengkapi formula Activ-Infusion yang mengandung Vitamin E, soy milk protein, dan argan oil. Sunsilk Soft & Smooth Conditioner membuat rambut lebih lembut, halus, dan harum hingga 48 jam!

Jaga selalu kesehatan rambut agar tetap tampil percaya diri. Gunakan conditioner untuk rambut kering dan mengembang serta padukan dengan shampo yang cocok dengan karakteristik rambut masing-masing. Lindungi rambut dari paparan sinar matahari dan udara panas dengan mengenakan pelindung kepala saat beraktivitas di luar.

The post Inilah Rekomendasi Conditioner untuk Rambut Kering dan Mengembang Terbaik appeared first on Aldri Blog.

In the framework of the EFFORTS Project, a questionnaire has been drawn up on the digitalization of civil procedures relating to cross-border enforcement.

The questionnaire aims at collecting quantitative and qualitative data on the digitalization of enforcement procedures at the national and European level, with a view to identifying technical solutions and legislative amendments to implement such digitalization.

The questionnaire, together with information on the EFFORTS Project, may be accessed here

The EFFORTS project partners thank you in advance for your time and contribution!

Project JUST-JCOO-AG-2019-881802
With financial support from the Civil Justice Programme of the European Union

This post was contributed by Vincent Richard, who practices with Wurth Kinsch Olinger in Luxembourg.

On 7 April 2022, the Court of Justice delivered its judgment in case C‑568/20, J v. H Limited on the recognition in Austria of an English summary order to pay a debt recognised in a third State judgment. The case shows that the prohibition of “double exequatur” can be circumvented by resourceful litigants.

H Limited, a banking institution, obtained two judgments in Jordan in 2013 ordering J. to reimburse a loan. These judgments were subsequently presented to the English High Court of Justice which issued an order after summary proceedings stating that the debtor had to pay to the bank, a sum equivalent to what the Jordanian decisions ordered. The decision was issued in March 2019 when the country was still a Member State of the EU. This English summary order is not a direct recognition or enforcement of a foreign judgment but an English decision on the merits taking into account the foreign judgment’s res judicata. Consequently, the English court also issued the certificate referred to in article 53 of Regulation n° 1215/2012 for that summary judgment.

The creditor of judgment then tried to enforce this English summary order in Austria where the debtor resides. This action was successful at first. The Austrian first instance court authorised enforcement of the English order and, on appeal, the Austrian Regional Court of Linz dismissed the debtor’s arguments challenging the decision.

The debtor then appealed on a point of law before the Austrian Supreme Court, which in turn addressed three questions to the Court of Justice. In essence, those three questions aim to determine whether the English summary order issued based on the foreign judgment’s res judicata should be considered as a “judgment” according to Regulation n° 1215/2012 and whether it should be recognised in Austria.

Following the opinion of Advocate General Pikamäe, the Court of Justice declared that the English summary order is indeed a judgment according to art. 2a) and art. 39 of the Brussels I a) Regulation but it leaves open the possibility of challenging the compatibility of the summary order with Austrian public policy.

The Court of Justice underlines that mutual trust implies a broad understanding of the notion of “judgment” in the Regulation. Any decision under national law is considered a judgment under the Regulation as long as the procedure leading to the judgment is adversarial in nature. This criterion is itself interpreted broadly (see C-394/07 Gambazzi and particularly AG Kokott’s opinion in the case). Besides that, article 2a) and chapter III of the Regulation leave no margin of interpretation to exclude judgments because of their content as long as they do not fall within the matters excluded from the scope of the whole regulation defined by article 1.

Consequently, the CJEU declares that the English summary order issued based on two Jordanian judgments is a decision susceptible to be enforced according to Brussels I a).

At first glance, the decision of the Court of Justice is concerning because it opens the door to forum shopping tactics for foreign judgments creditors. What is peculiar in the case at hand is that the English summary order is barely distinguishable from a judgment enforcing a foreign judgment. And as the French would say “exequatur sur exequatur ne vaut” meaning that the recognition procedure does not apply to a decision that itself recognises a foreign judgment. Only the original foreign decision on the merits may be subject to recognition. This principle is explicitly mentioned by the Austrian Court in its request for a preliminary ruling. The logic of this reasoning is that the court of the requested State may only check that the judgment is eligible for recognition if it can read the judgment itself and not the appreciation of that judgment made by another court. This reasoning is all the more valid within the Brussels I system because it ensures a clear distinction between judgments originating from other Member States, which should be recognised broadly under uniform conditions and judgments originating from third States. For the latter, Member States remain free to define the conditions applicable to recognition and enforcement. Ruling otherwise would allow the creditors of the foreign judgment to try to have their judgment recognised in the State which is the most open to foreign judgments and to then bypass stricter requirements in the Member State where the debtor has assets. In the present case, it could be argued that the English procedure was used as a Trojan horse to enter Austria. However, the Brussels I a) Regulation does not explicitly exclude this scenario.

The Court of Justice leaves open the possibility of refusing recognition of the English decision by challenging its compatibility with public policy. The Court of Justice states that recognition could be refused if the debtor manages to convince Austrian courts that he was unable to challenge, in the English procedure, the merits of the claim brought forward in Jordan. In essence, this argument amounts to considering that if the English judgment is a genuine English judgment, then there must have been a possibility for an adversarial debate on the merits. In the first part, the CJEU ruled that the English order was a judgment under the Regulation even though it was based on two Jordanian decisions. Therefore, the English judgment must be compatible with the public policy of the requested State regardless of the content of the Jordanian decisions. Or to put it the other way around, if the English proceedings lead to a European decision, then the English proceedings alone must conform to European standards.

Finally, it must be pointed out that a simpler way to address similar issues would be for the debtor to pre-emptively seek a declaration of non-enforceability of the foreign decision in the Member State of enforcement when this is possible. Then, this decision could be used to block enforcement of the State of origin’s decision under article 45 1) d) of the Regulation on irreconcilable decisions. There may be good reasons why this possibility was not considered in the present case though.