Flux européens

I have posted before on the Brownlie v Four Seasons litigation, please refer to the earlier post for context. The case revolves around whether courts should hear cases where the only damage sustained in their jurisdiction, is ‘indirect’ damage.

The litigation is not terribly good publicity for English civil procedure. The length of the proceedings resembles that of systems often referred to when in ordinary circumstances the English courts are much speedier. Moreover the outcome of the final Supreme Court judgment on 20 October on the jurisdictional gateway for torts inevitably will lead to a carrousel of future litigation and long-winded jurisdictional argument.

Even though the court was seized much before Brexit day, the jurisdictional issues are not subject to Brussels Ia. (The applicable law is, however, determined by Rome II and that this is Egyptian law is not disputed). The Court of Appeal as I discussed in my earlier post,  upheld ‘damage in the jurisdiction’ on the basis of a wider notion of ‘damage’ under residual English rules than under the EU rules. The UKSC has now agreed by a majority of four to one, confirming the obiter outcome of the earlier, ‘Brownlie I’ (in current judgment recalled at [45] ff) obiter views of the Court in a different composition.

Lord Lloyd-Jones reminds us [25] of the 3 requirements to meet the jurisdictional threshold. Claimant must show firstly ‘a good arguable case’ that the claims fall within one of the gateways in the civil procedure rules – CPR, introduced by Statute; further a serious issue to be tried on the merits (this is designed to keep out frivolous suits); and finally that England is the appropriate forum for trial and the court ought to exercise its discretion to permit service out of the jurisdiction that is the ‘forum non conveniens’ test.

The only issue under consideration before the SC was the first one, in particular, whether the case meets the conditions of CPR PD 6B paragraph 3.1(9):

“Service out of the jurisdiction where permission is required. 3.1 The claimant may serve a claim form out of the jurisdiction with the permission of the court under rule 6.36 where -…

Claims in tort

(9)       A claim is made in tort where –

(a)        damage was sustained, or will be sustained, within the jurisdiction; or

(b)       damage which has been or will be sustained results from an act committed, or likely to be committed, within the jurisdiction.”

Candidates for Lady Brownlie’s claim satisfying the tort gateway in England, are [27] (a) a claim for damages for personal injury in her own right; (b) a claim for damages in her capacity as executrix of the estate of her late husband for wrongful death; and (c) a claim for damages for bereavement and loss of dependency in her capacity as her late husband’s widow.

Under EU jurisdictional rules, the only one of these three which in my view would have any chance of success under A7(2) BIa, is the latter. Despite CJEU Lazar (on the equivalent rule for applicable law under Rome II) I still do not see clear in the application of A7(2) to claims based on bereavement and loss of dependency. For these, I submit, Lloyd-Jones suggestion [73] fits even if the test, like in the EU, is based on direct effect only: ‘the event giving rise to the damage directly produced its harmful effects on Lady Brownlie in England and Wales.’

In essence the SC confirms the Court of Appeal’s insistence that the residual English rules must not ‘parrot’ the CJEU’s interpretation of ‘damage’ with its insistence on only direct damage satisfying the tort gateway – Pike in particular echoed the same feeling. Great emphasis is put on the perceived very different nature of the English private international law exercise as opposed to the EU, ‘Brussels’ regime. See for instance [55] ‘fundamental differences between the two systems would have made such an assimilation totally inappropriate’ – ditto, ex multi, [74].

This now Supreme Court confirmed ‘fundamental’ [74] difference between the regimes must and will, I submit, play a role in pending cases under Brussels Ia, such as those involving Articles 33-34 lis pendens provisions.

I do agree with Lloyd-Jones’ remark [50] that he is unconvinced of the suggested link between damage completing a cause of action (highly relevant at the applicable law stage] and the identification of an appropriate jurisdiction. Yet unlike him I would take that in a different direction. Not therefore in the direction of an in principle unlimited jurisdictional gateway for tort (Lord Leggatt, dissenting, at 171 remarks all English tourists travelling abroad will now have such gateway, without anyone suggesting ‘any principled basis for it’, and at [194] he suggests forum shopping will be encouraged eg by non-English tourists employing medical treatment in England as an anchor for jurisdiction), disciplined only by forum non conveniens (which was not under appeal here [79]; although Lord Lloyd-Jones does remark obiter at 80 that the judge had rejected forum non referring in particular referring to the fact that to a significant extent the claimant’s losses had been experienced in England ). Rather, I would revisit the original (for the EU at least) and contra legem (for A7(2) BIa like its predecessors does not mention damage) introduction of damage as a gateway in CJEU Bier.

The SC puts great trust in forum non conveniens as a gatekeeper: [79]

The discretionary test of forum non conveniens, well established in our law, is an appropriate and effective mechanism which can be trusted to prevent the acceptance of jurisdiction in situations where there is merely a casual or adventitious link between the claim and England. Where a claim passes through a qualifying gateway, there remains a burden on the claimant to persuade the court that England and Wales is the proper place in which to bring the claim. Unless that is established, permission to serve out of the jurisdiction will be refused (CPR rule 6.37(3)). In addition – and this is a point to which I attach particular importance – the forum non conveniens principle is not a mere general discretion, the application of which may vary according to the differing subjective views of different judges creating a danger of legal uncertainty. On the contrary, the principle applies a structured discretion, the details of which have been refined in the decided cases, in a readily predictable manner.

I have less trust in forum non as the predictable gatekeeper suggested by the majority. Consider Lord Leggatt’s dissenting view [200]:

In the absence of any prescribed decision procedure or ranking of factors, different judges assessing whether England and Wales is the appropriate forum will inevitably attach different degrees of weight to different factors and may reach differing conclusions on similar facts without either conclusion being susceptible to legal challenge. Not only is such inconsistency of outcome itself a source of injustice, but it also encourages satellite litigation and causes defendants who have no real connection with England to have to incur the difficulty and expense of instructing English lawyers to apply in England to contest the jurisdiction of the English courts. That gives a claimant a significant and unfair tactical advantage.

Moreover, as already highlighted by Joshua Folkard, cases of purely economic loss are likely to provoke much (and expensive) discussion. Lloyd-Jones L [43] himself notes: ‘Within the Brussels system, the distinction between direct and indirect damage is, however, sometimes elusive.’ He refers immediately to financial losses as the example with the least jurisdictional grip. He repeats this point ia [76], seeking to distinguish it from the more complex tort suffered by Lady Brownlie.

Cases of purely economic loss will continue to be litigated extensively at the jurisdictional level for current judgment does not offer any instruction on them. [76]: ‘the mere fact of any economic loss, however remote, felt by a claimant where he or she lives or, if a corporation, where it has its business seat would be an unsatisfactory basis for the exercise of jurisdiction. However, this is not such a case.’

An end to the jurisdictional tussle in current case therefore, nine years (8  years and 11 months) after the claim was issued. Yet continuing consequential uncertainty for many other pending and future claims.

Geert.

Aldricus – Karena belum bisa berkomunikasi secara lancar, bayi biasanya akan mengeluarkan tangisan atau rewel apabila terasa ada yang mengganggu dirinya. Apabila Anda orangtua baru, biasanya kita bingung penyebab bayi rewel beserta langkah terbaik untuk menenangkannya.

Untuk itu, Anda harus pintar-pintar membaca pola tangisan mereka. Karena biasanya setiap pola tangisan arti yang berbeda. Misalnya saja ketika lapar atau ngantuk. Keduanya memiliki pola tangisan yang berbeda.

5 Penyebab Bayi Rewel Dari Pola Tangisannya

Mengapa pola tangisan bayi bisa berbeda tergantung situasi si bayi? Hal ini adalah cara komunikasi bayi untuk membedakan ia sedang lapar atau hanya kelelahan saja. Di bawah ini alasan bayi mulai rewel berdasarkan pola tangisannya.

1. Merasa Lapar

Bayi biasanya akan menyusu setiap beberapa jam sekali terutama yang baru lahir. Jika ia mulai merasa lapar biasanya mengemut tangan atau jari yang kemudian mengarahkan muka ke Anda. Dia akan lebih sering mengarah ke pipi yang sering Anda usap ketika memberi ASI. Suara tangisnya berima dan mengulang.

2. Merasa Tidak Nyaman

Daripada menangis, bayi akan mengeluarkan suara seperti sedang menggerutu. Dia akan gelisah dan baru akan menangis apabila Anda terlalu lama meresponsnya. Hal ini juga menjadi salah satu faktor bayi rewel tidak mau tidur karena tidak nyaman.

3. Merasa Lelah

Bayi yang lelah akan lebih sering menguap, sayu, dan mengucek mata. Tangisannya akan lebih intens dan kencang di awal, tapi selanjutnya akan lebih tenang.

4. Sakit

Bayi yang sakit tangisannya akan lebih kencang dan meninggi. Berhenti hanya sebentar-sebentar saja. Wajahnya pun akan lebih sering mengernyit seperti menahan sakit.

5. Takut

Bayi akan menangis sambil membuka mata bahkan menarik kepala ke belakang. Bahkan semakin lama, intensitas tangisananya akan menjadi semakin kencang.

Cara Mengatasi Bayi Rewel

Setelah tahu penyebab bayi rewel, Anda bisa mengatasinya dengan beberapa cara berikut ini.

1. Selimutilah bayi dengan kain
2. Mengayun-ayun atau menggendong bayi
3. Menggendong bayi dengan posisi telungkup
4. Putarkan suara yang menenangkan
5. Pijat atau usap lembut tubuh bayi Anda
6. Memandikan bayi Anda dengan air hangat
7. Nyanyikanlah lagu atau solawat

Nah, itu dia penyebab bayi rewel dan cara mengatasinya. Meski terkesan sulit, Anda bisa terus belajar untuk terus mengamati bentuk tangisan bayi agar lebih paham cara apa yang harus dilakukan untuk menenangkan mereka. Semangat dan selamat mencoba!

The post Inilah Penyebab Bayi Rewel dan Yang Harus Dilakukan appeared first on Aldri Blog.

Abenante e.a. / Parlement et Conseil
SANT
Certificats Covid numériques de l’Union européenne : le président du Tribunal rejette la demande de sursis à l’exécution du règlement établissant un cadre commun pour la délivrance, la vérification et l’acceptation des certificats

Aldricus – Meski keluarga merupakan orang paling dekat dengan kita, tetap saja harus ada sopan santun agar tidak terjadi perpecahan antara satu sama lain. Mengajarkan anak berperilaku sopan di mana saja dan kapan saja sangat penting. Ada beberapa contoh perilaku santun di keluarga yang sebaiknya tidak diabaikan.

Hal ini karena dengan sopan santun, maka kita akan lebih mudah dihargai oleh orang-orang di sekitar kita. Berperilaku sopan adalah hal yang terpuji, dan membuat anak bisa dengan mudah mendapatkan teman. Adapun di keluarga, ada beberapa contoh perilaku sopan yang harus diperhatikan.

1. Mencium Tangan Orang Tua

Ini bisa dilakukan baik saat momen-momen tertentu atau saat akan pergi ke sekolah. Mencium tangan orang tua sebagai tanda hormat akan membuat mereka bangga. Bisa jadi, ada doa juga yang terselip di dalamnya agar apapun yang kamu lakukan bisa lancar.

2. Sedikit Membungkuk Saat Melewati yang Lebih Tua

Di dalam keluarga, akan ada momen di mana kamu berjalan melewati orang yang lebih tua. Seperti misalnya kakek, nenek, om, tante, ayah, ibu dan sebagainya. Dalam momen ini, sebaiknya kamu sedikit membungkukkan badan sebagai tanda permisi, agar kesannya lebih sopan.

3. Minta Izin Ketika Ingin Pakai Barang Anggota Keluarga

Dalam keluarga, meminjam adalah suatu hal yang biasa. Untuk hal ini, usahakan mengajarkan anak-anak untuk minta izin dulu sebelum memakai barang orang lain. Karena bisa jadi si pemilik tidak ingin barang tersebut dipakai siapapun karena merupakan kesayangannya. Sehingga takkan timbul perpecahan satu sama lain lagi.

4. Tidak Menggunakan Suara Keras

Ketika bertengkar dengan anggota keluarga, menggunakan suara yang keras bisa membuat siapapun tersinggung. Hal ini juga tak memecahkan masalah, malah semakin membuat emosi saja. Oleh karena itu penting untuk berpikir secara dingin dan berdiskusi. Daripada saling membentak satu sama lain.

Ada hanya contoh perilaku santun di keluarga yang sebaiknya Anda ajarkan kepada anak-anak. Supaya mereka paham bahwa di dunia ini mereka hidup berdampingan dengan orang lain, sehingga harus saling menghargai.

The post 4 Contoh Perilaku Santun di Keluarga, Wajib Diajarkan appeared first on Aldri Blog.

Volvo et DAF Trucks
Concurrence
Entente des camions en Espagne : l’avocat général Rantos apporte des précisions quant au champ d’application temporel de la directive sur l’indemnisation des victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles

Commission / Pologne
Principes du droit communautaire
N’ayant pas suspendu l’application des dispositions nationales relatives notamment aux compétences de la chambre disciplinaire de la Cour suprême, la Pologne est condamnée à payer à la Commission européenne une astreinte journalière d’un montant de 1 000 000 euros

Entrée en fonctions de deux nouveaux membres du Tribunal de l’Union européenne

PL Holdings
DGEN
Le droit de l’Union interdit la conclusion, par un État membre, d’une convention d’arbitrage de contenu identique à une clause d’arbitrage nulle figurant dans un traité bilatéral d’investissement entre États membres

Cavanagh J (unusually assisted by Brown J, who has extensive experience in cost orders) last week in Thomas & Ors v PGI Group Ltd [2021] EWHC 2776 (QB) refused to grant a ‘Capped Cost Order’ or CCO (these also exist for judicial review proceedings and in arbitration). This application for a CCO was reportedly the first made under CPR 3.19.

In the case, brought before Brexit date under Article 4 Brussels Ia, a group of Malawi claimants are suing tea company Lujeri’s English parent company PGI alleging complicity in exploitation and abuse, including sexual abuse.  Claimants allege the Defendant owed a duty of care to them on the basis that it promulgated relevant policies, standards and guidelines, that it exercised supervision and control over Lujeri, and/or that it held itself out as exercising such supervision and control. The Claimants further allege that the Defendant breached that duty of care and that they suffered loss and damage as a result.

English proceedings against Lujeri were dropped following claimants’ admission that they were unlikely to meet a jurisdiction challenge against same on the basis of Malawi being the natural forum for that claim [14]. The defendant does not resist A4 jurisdiction, acknowledges the UK is the natural forum for the claims against it, that there is no abuse of process (neither in my view have any place in A4 jurisdiction) and that the case is at least arguable.

Had the CCO been granted, it would have the effect of limiting the future costs recoverable by the Claimants, should they ultimately be successful, to £150,000 (or thereabouts). It would not impact the recoverable costs of the defendants if they are successful, although [25] they are unlikely to be able to recover any. As the judge notes [13] even if the core claim is successful, compensation will be far below parties’ legal costs in the case. The non-financial, ‘vindication’ [13] objectives are more important.

Despite defendants’ acknowledgment that a jurisdiction challenge is effectively impossible under A4 (A33-34 do not seem engaged), their arguments for a CCO [28 ff] are forum non via the backdoor:

Whilst not disputing that the Claimants are entitled to bring these proceedings against the Defendant in England, the Defendant submits that it is still open to the Claimants to bring proceedings in Malawi against Lujeri, their former, or, in some cases, their current, employer, and, indeed, against the Defendant. The Defendant submits that it would be more appropriate for the Claimants to bring their claims against Lujeri, in Malawi, especially as such claims would be advanced on the simple and straightforward basis of vicarious liability, rather than on the basis of a more complicated claim against the UK-domiciled parent company.

At 43 claimants make the obvious point that this is a ‘(lightly) disguised attempt to strike out these proceedings on the basis that they are an abuse of process, or that England is a forum non conveniens’.

At 72 the judge holds that claimants are right that it would not be appropriate, having regard to the CPR required principle of proportionality [‘the overriding objective [of the CCO, GAVC] of enabling the court to deal with cases justly and at proportionate cost’] to cap the costs at a figure that is less than the minimum costs that are required for them to litigate their claims effectively in the High Court. Costs in other words cannot be disproportionately incurred if they are below the amount that is required by the party to litigate its claims effectively, unless [74] parties’ costs are out of proportion to the potential benefits to the Claimant of the litigation’ – quod non in casu: [79]: ‘The sums that are likely to be recoverable, though small by English standards, are very significant for poor Malawian plantation workers, and they may indeed be life-changing. I accept the Claimants’ submission that in any event, the Claimants’ objectives in bringing these proceedings are not entirely, or even principally, about money.’

At 82-83 the resurrected forum non arguments feature again,  with the judge holding

In any event, in the present case, one of the parties, the Defendant, is domiciled in England. It is a matter of public importance in this country whether a company that is domiciled here is in breach of a duty of care to workers on plantations in Malawi, owned by a subsidiary company. CPR 44.3(5)(e) states that the extent to which a claim is in the public interest is a matter to be taken into account when considering proportionality.

That is an important consideration for future CCOs, outside the Brussels Ia context and indeed an argument that would feed into an A33-34 analysis, too.

At 91 ff the judge reinforces his findings on the basis of access to justice:

‘I think that it is highly significant, in this regard, that the imposition of a CCO would almost certainly have the effect of forcing the Claimants to abandon their claims…

this is not a case in which a wealthy Claimant is deliberately pursuing a low-value claim, at great expense, in order to harass the Defendant, or to cause as much unnecessary cost to the Defendant as possible. Rather, this is a case in which extremely poor Claimants are pursuing a relatively low-value claim for a number of legitimate reasons, only one of which is the prospect of damages.

This is an important finding, both under A4 Brussels Ia and beyond it, under residual English conflicts rules.

Geert.

European Private International Law, 3rd ed. 2021, Chapter 7.

1/2 Thomas & Ors v PGI [2021] EWHC 2776 (QB)
Important judgment for #bizhumanrights #csr litigation
Failed application for Capped Cost Order CCO
Judge holds ia that it would not be in the interest of justice to award corporate defendant CCO which would effectively halt… pic.twitter.com/ZAbXSJ6ea3

— Geert Van Calster (@GAVClaw) October 25, 2021

On 5 October 2021, Indonesia acceded to the Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents. It will enter into force for Indonesia on 4 June 2022.

Source : https://www.hcch.net/en/news-archive/details/?varevent=825

The Hague Special Commission on the practical operation of the Apostille Convention met from 5 to 8 October 2021. Its Conclusions & Recommendations are available at https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b7b20030-6229-459f-b26b-e9185bf6fffc.pdf

Extract (example) : « the PB is not appropriately placed to establish a digital certificate authority and reiterating the importance of technology neutrality and maintaining flexibility for all Contracting Parties, the SC recognised the good practice of using digital certificates with high standards, that are well-recognised and frequently used, and invited Contracting Parties to inform the PB about the certificate technology used to issue e-Apostilles. […] The SC recalled the fundamental principle that, irrespective of format, an Apostille validly issued by one Contracting Party in accordance with the Convention must be accepted by all other Contracting Parties for which the Convention is in force. In this spirit, it encouraged Contracting Parties to take active steps to ensure the acceptance of incoming e-Apostilles ».

« From 28 to 30 September 2021, the Working Group on Preventing and Addressing Illicit Practices in Intercountry Adoption met [to discuss] a Toolkit aimed at preventing and addressing illicit practices in intercountry adoptions made under the 1993 Adoption Convention ».

The Aide-mémoire of the Group is available https://assets.hcch.net/docs/43cf175b-1c27-4a90-8be7-7a87b8412665.pdf (Annex I)

Source : https://www.hcch.net/en/news-archive/details/?varevent=823

Okrazhna prokuratura - Varna
Espace de liberté, sécurité et justice
La Cour précise certaines dispositions de la directive relative au gel et à la confiscation des instruments et des produits du crime dans l’Union européenne

Polskie Linie Lotnicze "LOT" / Commission
Concurrence
Le Tribunal rejette les recours de la compagnie aérienne Polskie Linie Lotnicze « LOT » à l’encontre des décisions de la Commission autorisant les concentrations portant sur l’acquisition respectivement par easyJet et par Lufthansa de certains actifs du groupe Air Berlin

I reviewed the AG’s Opinion in C-269/20 Commerzbank here. The CJEU held a few weeks back, rejecting the AG’s main proposal and instead following him on the subsidiary argument. For the consumer section, it suffices the international element surfaces only after the contract has been concluded, provided of course the contract at issue meets with the Pammer Alpenhof criteria: the business concerned need not necessarily actively pursue a commercial activity in the State in which the consumer is now domiciled, yet its organisation of operations and marketing is such as to meet the ‘directed at’ criteria of the consumer section.

It is to be assumed that the Court’s flexible interpretation (with reliance to a large degree on mBank) of the international element to this far-reaching extent, only applies given the protective intent of Lugano’s (and Brussels Ia’s) consumer, potentially employees’ and insurance title.

Geert.

EU Private International Law, 3rd ed. 2021, 2.222 ff.

Aldricus – Rambut lepek dan tidak bervolume merupakan masalah kebanyakan perempuan yang berhijab. Kondisi ini terjadi karena kurangnya perawatan atau perawatan yang tidak tepat pada rambut. Bagi Anda yang berhijab, Anda harus tahu cara membuat rambut bervolume dan tidak lepek.

Terlebih lagi kita ini tinggal di negara tropis yang mana membuat kita mudah berkeringat. JIka tidak cepat diatasi, masalah ini bisa mengurangi semangat dan rasa percaya diri Anda.

Cara Membuat Rambut Bervolume

Untuk membua rambut Anda menjadi lebat dan bervolume, ada beberapa cara yang bisa lakukan. Apa saja itu? Silahkan simak daftar caranya berikut ini:

1. Konsumsi Makanan Berprotein

Cara pertama adalah dengan mengonsumsi makanan yang mengandung banyak protein dan antioksidan. Alasannya karena rambut membutuhkan protein yang juga disebut dengan nama keratin. Jika rambut kekurangan protein, rambut menjadi mudah rontok dan menipis.

2. Keringkan Rambut Sebelum Berhijab

Rambut yang lepek karena hijab bisa Anda atasi dengan memastikan rambut sudah  kering sebelum memakainya. Rambut yang basah dan langsung menggunakan hijab akan membuat rambut cepat rusak. Anda bisa menepuk halus rambut dengan handuk atau diangin-anginkan supaya cepat kering.

3. Ubah Belahan Rambut

Selain membuat tampilan Anda menjadi lebih fresh, mengubah belahan rambut juga bisa membuat volume rambut Anda bertambah. Jadi silahkan Anda  ubah arah belahan rambut saat kondisinya masih basah atau setelah keramas, setelah itu keringkan secara alami.

4. Longgarkan Ikatan Rambut

Mengikat rambut terlalu kencang bisa menyebabkan maslah, salah satunya adalah membuat rambut lepek. Selain itu, hindari mengikat menggunakan karet gelang karena rambut bisa rusak akibat gesekan. Sebaiknya ikat rambut dengan bahan kain, jangan lupa untuk melepas ikatan ketika sedang tidak berhijab.

5. Jangan Gunakan Hijab Bertumpuk

Hijab dengan bahan katun biasanya mempunyai pori-pori yang bisa memperlancar udara yang masuk ke rambut. Jadi cara untuk membuat rambut bervolume adalah dengan menghidari penggunaan hijab model bertumpuk supaya kulit kepala tidak mudah berkeringan dan lepek.

6. Gunakan Shampo yang Tepat

Cara terakhir untuk membuat rambut bervolume adalah dengan menggunakan produk yang tepat. Beberapa produk yang bisa Anda gunakan adalah Sunsilk Hijab Refresh & Volume yang bisa membuat rambut Anda mengembang dan tidak lepek.

Demikianlah beberapa tips cara untuk membuat rambut bervolume, semoga bermanfaat.

The post 6 Cara Membuat Rambut Bervolume dan Tidak Lepek appeared first on Aldri Blog.

Aldricus – Pernahkah Anda mendengar tentang scoliosis? Sebelum membahas tentang penanganan scoliosis terbaik, ada bagusnya jika Anda mengenal lebih dulu apa itu scoliosis. Scoliosis merupakan salah satu gangguan pada tulang belakang. Rangka tubuh atau tulang belakang mengalami kelengkungan.

Hal tersebut kerap dikenal dengan scoliosis. Gangguan ini bisa menyerang anak-anak maupun orang dewasa. Kondisi scoliosis parah biasanya memiliki kurva kelengkungan hingga 40 derajat. Ada banyak sekali sebenarnya penanganan yang bisa dilakukan untuk scoliosis.

Penanganan Scoliosis

Seperti yang sekilas dijelaskan di atas, ada beberapa macam cara untuk menangani scoliosis. Berbagai macam cara ini bisa diaplikasikan sesuai dengan tingkat scoliosis yang dialami. Berikut di bawah ini beberapa cara penanganannya:

1. Observasi

 Hal pertama yang harus dilakukan adalah observasi atau proses melihat dan menunggu. Biasanya hal ini dilakukan untuk anak-anak yang terserang scoliosis. Tahap ini dilakukan untuk melihat apakah scoliosis bertumbuh dengan sangat cepat dan parah.

Pada proses ini, harus dilihat bagaimana lengkungan dan perkembangan yang terjadi pada scoliosis. Jika dirasa lengkungannya parah, maka harus ditindak lanjuti dengan cara tepat.

2. Terapi/Latihan Fisik

 Proses penanganan selanjutnya adalah melakukan terapi atau latihan fisik. Tahap ini dilakukan apabila scoliosis yang terjadi, lengkungannya belum parah arau masih bisa diperbaiki tanpa operasi. Tahapan ini biasanya ditangani oleh dokter yang ahli di bidang terapi scoliosis.

Pada tahap ini, Anda akan dikenalkan dengan berbagai pendekatan terapi agar posisi tulang belakang bisa kembali normal. Biasanya hal ini menggunakan alat khusus.

3. Bracing

 Salah satu cara penanganan scoliosis yang cukup populer adalah bracing. Bracing sendiri adalah alat khusus yang dipasang pada bagian tulang belakang.

Bracing ini juga ada beragam, ada yang lunak, dinamis, kaku, hingga yang korektif. Untuk penggunaan bracing ini, Anda bisa langsung konsultasikan pada dokter terpercaya yang ahli dalam bidang ini.

4. Pembedahan

 Scoliosis memang bisa disembuhkan tanpa operasi bedah. Namun hal ini juga tergantung pada kondisi keparahan scoliosis. Jika scoliosis yang dialami sudah sangat parah hingga menimbulkan ketidak seimbangan tulang, maka operasi bedah perlu dilakukan.

Pada beberapa kasus, scoliosis yang menyerang anak-anak, tumbuh lebih cepat. Sehingga akan sangat bahaya jika hanya dibiarkan. Operasi bedah bisa menjadi salah satu alternatif terbaik.

5. Pengobatan Komplementer

 Pada dasarnya, tidak ada berbagai jenis obat yang bisa dikonsumsi untuk menyembuhkan scoliosis. Namun pengobatan komplementer ini hanya berlaku sebagai pelengkap dari terapi penyembuhan. Penggunaannya juga tidak bisa dilakukan secara terus menerus, alias ada batasan.

5 cara penanganan scoliosis di atas bisa jadi acuan untuk Anda yang sedang menderita atau memiliki keluarga yang menderita scoliosis. Mulai dari cara yang ringan hingga cara berat seperti pembedahan, semua bergantung pada tingkat keparahan scoliosis itu sendiri. Pastikan Anda memilih cara yang tepat.

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Élection des présidents des chambres à trois juges de la Cour de justice

As I noted when I signalled the reference, the French Supreme Court in C-251/20 GtFlix has not referred the question whether Bolagsupplysningen is good authority for acts of unfair competition between competitors. Rather, it queries whether Bolagsupplysningen means that a claimant who requests both rectification /retraction and damages, has to necessarily turn to courts with full jurisdiction or whether they can continue to turn for the damages part, to all courts with locus damni jurisdiction.

Hogan AG in his Opinion a few weeks ago right up to (94) revisits the wisdom of applying Shevill’s Handlungsort/Erfolgort distinction and the possibility of using GtFlix to overturn. I agree that this is not the case to do it. (On the CJEU and overturning its authority, see excellently the departing Bobek AG in C‑205/20).

At 95 he then essentially requalifies and answers the question which the SC had not referred. The action at the French courts is one in dénigrement, which is a form of malicious falsehood which, the AG suggests, does not call into question the Bolagsupplysningen line of cases but rather Tibor Trans and the cases before it.

An action relating to an infringement of unfair competition law may be brought before the courts of any Member State where that act caused or may cause damage within the jurisdiction of the court seised. Where the market affected by the anticompetitive conduct is in the Member State on whose territory the alleged damage is purported to have occurred, that Member State must be regarded as the place where the damage occurred for the purposes of applying Article 7(2) (99).  A final reference at (102) ff is to the applicable law level under (Article 6) Rome II. 

Should the CJEU follow, one of the left-over questions following Bolagsupplysningen will not be answered, yet another issue on falsehoods spread between competitors, will.

Geert.

(Handbook of) European private international law, 2nd ed. 2016, Chapter 2, Heading 2.2.11.2

Élection d’un président de chambre du Tribunal de l’Union européenne