Une clause attributive de juridiction, qui, d’une part, est stipulée dans les conditions générales de fourniture du donneur d’ordre, mentionnées dans les instruments constatant les contrats entre ces parties et transmises lors de leur conclusion, et qui, d’autre part, désigne comme juridictions compétentes celles d’une ville d’un État membre, satisfait aux exigences de l’article 23 du règlement (CE) n° 44/2001 du 22 décembre 2000.
C-191/15 Verein für Konsumenteninformation v Amazon SarL is one of those spaghetti bowl cases, with plenty of secondary law having a say on the outcome. In the EU purchasing from Amazon (on whichever of its extensions) generally implies contracting with the Luxembourg company (Amazon EU) and agreeing to Luxembourg law as applicable law. Amazon has no registered office or establishment in Austria. VKI is a consumer organisation which acted on behalf of Austrian consumers, seeking an injunction prohibiting terms in Amazon’s GTCs (general terms and conditions), specifically those which did not comply with Austrian data protection law and which identified Luxembourg law as applicable law.
Rather than untangle the bowl for you here myself, I am happy to refer to masterchef Lorna Woods who can take you through the Court’s decision (with plenty of reference to Saugmandsgaard Øe’s Opinion of early June). After readers have consulted Lorna’s piece, let me point out that digital economy and applicable EU law is fast becoming a quagmire. Those among you who read Dutch can read a piece of mine on it here. Depending on whether one deals with customs legislation, data protection, or intellectual property, different triggers apply. And even in a pure data protection context, as prof Woods points out, there now seems to be a different trigger depending on whether one looks intra-EU (Weltimmo; Amazon) or extra-EU (Google Spain).
The divide between the many issues addressed by the Advocate General and the more narrow analysis by the CJEU, undoubtedly indeed announces further referral.
Geert.
(Handbook of) European Private International Law, 2016, Chapter 2, Heading 2.2.8.2.5.
Deux circulaires du garde des Sceaux du 11 août 2016, publiées au bulletin officiel du ministère de la justice (BOMJ) du 29 août 2016, présentent les dispositions issues de la loi n° 2015-993 du 17 août 2015, portant adaptation de la procédure pénale au droit de l’Union européenne.
Propriété industrielle - Contentieux - Prorogation légale de compétences
Appel civil
La Commission européenne ordonne à l’Irlande de récupérer 13 milliards d’euros d’impôt sur les sociétés auxquelles Apple aurait illégalement échappé. Cette décision courageuse n’a toutefois aucune incidence sur le droit des États membres de faire du dumping en matière de fiscalité directe à condition qu’il bénéficie à toutes les entreprises nationales.
Roel Westrik, associate professor of private law at Erasmus School of Law, is the author of a noteworthy book that presents an original approach to the applicable European law in “Hidden Civil Law. How can you know what the applicable law is?’ (Paris, 2016). The abstract reads:
Lawyers are taught to work with applicable law and to be familiar with the applicable law, they should ‘keep up to date with their literature’. Here, in two sentences, the reality and ways of working of lawyers throughout the past century. Past because, in contemporary times, applicable law can no longer be easily ‘recognised’. There is a knowing problem related to applicable law of European origin. This problem consists in two main questions: How are lawyers to know what applicable law is? And, if there is a presumption of ‘other’ applicable law when practising ‘national law’, where is it to be found?
These questions must be posed in every case, every advice to be written as well as judgments and rulings that have to be pronounced. What, in a specific case, is the prevailing, applicable law irrespective of whether its origins are national or European?
The acknowledgement that these questions must be posed in advance, before ‘solving’ any case, will make great strides in the current ways of working and classification of legal areas. Also, it will pay scant attention to the existing approach where ‘European law’ is seen as corpus alienum, which influences national law from ‘outside’ and creates a ‘Hidden Civil Law’.
A message is sent to the legal world of civil law: Wake up! European law is part of national law and should be studied as applicable law. It should be recognised and implemented rather than being taken as a separate supplement under the flag of ‘IPL, European law or its impact’. It is applicable civil law!
More information is available here.
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