Droit international général

Si terrà il 25 e il 26 settembre 2015 a San Ginesio (Macerata) il tradizionale incontro dei dottorandi di ricerca in diritto internazionale, diritto internazionale privato e diritto dell’Unione europea organizzato dalla Società Italiana di Diritto internazionale in collaborazione con il Centro Internazionale di Studi Gentiliani.

L’iniziativa intende offrire ai dottorandi iscritti al secondo anno la possibilità di presentare i risultati provvisori delle ricerche condotte, promuovendo altresì la discussione sui temi affrontati.

Il Centro Internazionale di Studi Gentiliani si farà carico delle spese di vitto e alloggio dei dottorandi-relatori.

Il modulo di iscrizione – disponibile, unitamente ad ulteriori informazioni, a questo indirizzo – dovrà essere spedito a info@sidi-isil.org entro il 27 luglio 2015.

Utrecht Journal of International and European Law is issuing a Call for Papers for its upcoming Special Issue (82nd edition) on ‘Intellectual Property in International and European Law’. With technological advancement and innovative practices occurring ever more frequently, individuals and undertakings often turn to intellectual property law to protect their ideas and seek remedies where appropriate (e.g. the recent Apple v Samsung design dispute). Recent developments in intellectual property are now a regular feature in popular media and a much-discussed topic amongst the general public. As such, the Utrecht Journal will be dedicating its 2016 Special Issue to ‘Intellectual Property in International and European Law’.

The Board of Editors invites submissions addressing legal issues relating to intellectual property law from an international or European law perspective. Topics may include, but are not limited to: the influence of patenting on the competitive process; the use of IP holding companies to take advantage of favourable tax regimes; patent-trolls; copyright infringements; trademark protection; the ethics of IP (e.g. GMOs), etc. All types of manuscripts, from socio-legal to legal-technical to comparative will be considered. However, please note that any analysis solely limited to a national legal system will fall outside the scope of the Journal. An international or European legal dimension is imperative.

 The Board of Editors will select articles based on quality of research and writing, diversity and relevance of topic. The novelty of the academic contribution is also an essential requirement. Prospective articles should be submitted online via the Journal’s website (www.utrechtjournal.org/about/submissions) and should conform to the Journal style guide. Utrecht Journal has a word limit of 15,000 words including footnotes. For further information please consult our website or email the Editor-in-Chief at utrechtjournal@urios.org.

Deadline for submissions:  15 October 2015

A new working paper of Veerle Van Den Eeckhout on international labour law has been published on SSRN, entitled “The “Right” Way to Go in International Labour Law – and Beyond.”

The abstract reads as follows: The path to follow in (cases of) International Labour Law should be trodden with caution. In this paper, the author highlights several points of attention and issues in the current debate of international labour law. The author also positions some of the issues that are currently being raised in international labour law in similar and broader debates about future developments in Private International Law.

The paper is the written version of a contribution to the expert-meeting “Where do I belong? EU law and adjudication on the link between individuals and Member States”, organized in Antwerp on 7-8 May 2015.

The Annual Conference on European Family Law of the Academy of European Law (ERA) will take place in Trier on 24 and 25 September 2015.

The conference will address, among others, issues regarding marital property regimes, the protection of vulnerable adults and prospects of review of regulation No 2201/2003 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and matters of parental responsibility (Brussels IIa).

Speakers include Maja Groff (Permanent Bureau of the Hague Conference on Private International Law), Peter Mankowski (Univ. Hamburg) and Patrick Wautelet (Univ. Liège).

The conference program is available here. Information regarding fees and registration can be found here.

I have delayed reporting on judgment in Case C-322/14, Jaouad El Majdoub v CarsOnTheWeb.Deutschland GmbH, held 21 May 2015, for exam reasons. I reported earlier on the due diligence required of businesses when establishing choice of court through electronic means. The ECJ has now also had its say, in a case concerning a B2B contract for the purchase of a car. [Choice of court in a B2C context tends to be covered by the consumer contracts title hence is not at stake here. [Mark Young and Philipe Bradley-Schmieg review the relevance of the case for B2C contracts here].

Choice of court allegedly had been made in favour of the courts at Leuven, Belgium, in the vicinity of which the seller’s parent company has its head office. The buyer however sued in Germany, the domicile of the German daughter company (and of the buyer, a car dealer). Buyer claims that the  contract at any rate was with the daughter company, not the mother company, and that choice of court had not been validly made. He submits that the webpage containing the general terms and conditions of sale of the defendant in the main proceedings does not open automatically upon registration and upon every individual sale. Instead, a box with the indication ‘click here to open the conditions of delivery and payment in a new window’ must be clicked on (known as ‘click wrapping’).

In essence therefore the question is whether the requirements of Article 23(2) of the Brussels I Regulation (now Article 25(2)) are met only if the window containing those general conditions opens automatically, and upon every sale. That Article was added at the adoption of the  Brussels I Regulation, precisely to address the then newish trend of agreeing to choice of court (and indeed choice of law; but that is not covered by Brussels I) through electronic means.

The provisions on forum clauses in the 1968 Brussels Convention, Brussels I and the recast are drafted in a way ‘not to impede commercial practice, yet at the same time to cancel out the effects of clauses in contracts which might go unread’ (Report Jenard) or otherwise ‘unnoticed’ (the ECJ in the core case Colzani). the Report Jenard also notes that in order to ensure legal certainty, the formal requirements applicable to agreements conferring jurisdiction should be expressly prescribed, but that ‘excessive formality which is incompatible with commercial practice‘ should be avoided.

The first sentence of Article 25(1) discusses the parties ‘agreement’ as to choice of court. (It leaves a large array of national law issues untouched, such as consideration, mandate, 3rd party effect. etc. On some of those issues, see also Refcomp). The remainder of Article 25(1) concerns the possible formats in which agreement is testified. Article 25(2) (and 23(2) before it) accompanies Article 25(1) a’s option of having the agreement put down ‘in writing’.

In line with the requirement not to be excessively formalistic, the ECJ essentially requires that parties be duly diligent when agreeing to choice of court. If click-wrapping makes it possible to print and save the text of those terms and conditions before the conclusion of the contract, then it can be considered a communication by electronic means which provides a durable record of the agreement.

Note that the Court does not hold on whether the agreement is actually reached between the parties: only that click-wrap may provide a durable record of such agreement, where it exists. (One could imagine choice of court having been protested, for instance, or other issues of national law having an impact on the actual existence of the agreement. and one can certainly imaigne a continuing discussion on what contract was concluded between what parties in the case at issue].

Geert.

The second edition of “Rome Regulations: Commentary on the European Rules of the Conflict of Laws”, edited by Gralf-Peter Calliess (Chair for Private Law, Private International Law, International Business Law and Legal Theory, University of Bremen), has just been published by Wolters Kluwer (1016 pp, 250 €). The second edition provides a systematic and profound article-by-article commentary on the Rome I, II and III Regulations. It has been extensively updated and rewritten to take account of recent legal developments and jurisprudence in the field of determining the law applicable to contractual (Rome I) and non-contractual (Rome II) obligations. It also contains a completely new commentary on the Rome III Regulation regarding the law applicable to divorce and separation. The aim of the book is to provide expert guidance from a team of leading German, Austrian and Swiss private international law scholars to judges, lawyers, and practitioners throughout Europe and beyond.

In her review of the first edition, my dear fellow conflictoflaws.net co-editor Giesela Rühl complained about a lack of diversity, pointing out that the circle of authors consisted exclusively of younger, male scholars (RabelsZ 77 [2013], p. 413, 415 in fn. 6). Well, not only have we male authors grown older since then; we now have quite a number of distinguished female colleagues on board, too: Susanne Augenhofer, Katharina de la Durantaye, Kathrin Kroll-Ludwigs, Eva Lein and Marianne Roth. For further details, see here.

“This book does what it promises, which is to provide judges and practitioners with easy access to the contents and interpretation of provisions of the Rome I and II Regulations. The thoroughness of the commentaries on most of the provisions also makes it a recommended read for scholars needing a quick orientation regarding several provisions, or wanting to make sure they have not missed out on important background information. A welcome addition to the various topic-based treatises regarding Rome I and II Regulations, the book has succeeded in its goal of furthering the valuable German tradition in terms of the European discourse.” (Xandra Kramer, review of the first edition, Common Market L. Rev. 2014, p. 335, 337)

La Commissione europea ha recentemente affidato ad un Consorzio composto dall’Università di Firenze, dall’Università di Uppsala e da DMI, una società di consulenza francese, uno studio riguardante le notifiche negli Stati Membri dell’Unione.

Tale studio, focalizzandosi sulle notifiche interne, si propone di appurare le differenze che esistono tra le discipline nazionali e che possono costituire un ostacolo al corretto funzionamento del regolamento n. 1393/2007 relativo alla notificazione e alla comunicazione negli Stati membri degli atti giudiziari ed extragiudiziali in materia civile o commerciale.

A questo proposito, esponenti delle professioni  legali e dell’accademia degli Stati Membri sono invitati a compilare un questionario online entro il 15 luglio 2015.

Ulteriori informazioni sul progetto e sulle modalità di partecipazione sono reperibili a questo indirizzo.

ArbitralWomen, Transnational Dispute Management and Ashurst are hosting an event in London on 2 July 2015 for the launch of the TDM Special Issue on “Dealing with Diversity in International Arbitration.” The event will be followed by a drinks reception.

This Special Issue will analyse discrimination and diversity in international arbitration. It will examine new trends, developments, and challenges in the use of practitioners from different geographical, ethnic/racial, religious backgrounds as well as of different genders in international arbitration, whether as counsel or tribunal members. The launch of the Special Issue will be followed by the launch of the AW New Website.

Download the brochure here.

With renewable energy disputes seemingly everywhere these days, OGEL and TDM have published a special joint issue focusing on these disputes at the level of international, European and national law. Below is the table of contents:

Introduction – Renewable Energy Disputes in the Europe and beyond: An Overview of Current Cases, by K. Talus, University of Eastern Finland

Renewable Energy Disputes in the World Trade Organization, by R. Leal-Arcas, Queen Mary University of London, and A. Filis

Aggressive Legalism: China’s Proactive Role in Renewable Energy Trade Disputes?, by C. Wu, Academia Sinica, and K. Yang, Soochow University (Taipei)

Mapping Emerging Countries’ Role in Renewable Energy Trade Disputes, by B. Olmos Giupponi, University of Stirling

Green Energy Programs and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: A Good FIT?, by D.P. Steger, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Law

EU’s Renewable Energy Directive saved by GATT Art. XX?, by J. Grigorova, Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne University

Retroactive Reduction of Support for Renewable Energy and Investment Treaty Protection from the Perspective of Shareholders and Lenders, by A. Reuter, GÖRG Partnerschaft von Rechtsanwälten

Renewable Energy Disputes Before International Economic Tribunals: A Case for Institutional ‘Greening’?, by A. Kent, University of East Anglia

Renewable Energy Claims under the Energy Charter Treaty: An Overview, by J.M. Tirado, Winston & Strawn LLP

Non-Pecuniary Remedies Under the Energy Charter Treaty, by A. De Luca, Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi

Joined Cases C-204/12 to C-208/12, Essent Belgium, by H. Bjørnebye, University of Oslo, Faculty of Law

Ålands Vindkraft AB v Energimyndigheten – The Free Movement Law Perspective, by S.L. Penttinen, UEF Law School, University of Eastern Finland

Recent Renewables Litigation in the UK: Some Interesting Cases, by A. Johnston, Faculty of Law, University College (Oxford)

The Rise and Fall of the Italian Scheme of Support for Renewable Energy From Photovoltaic Plants, by Z. Brocka Balbi

The Italian Photovoltaic sector in two practical cases: how to create an unfavorable investment climate in Renewables, by S.F. Massari, Università degli Studi di Bologna

Renewable Energy and Arbitration in Brazil: Some Topics, by E. Silva da Silva, CCRD-CAM / Brazil-Canada Chamber of Commerce, and N. Sosa Rebelo, Norte Rebelo Law Firm

Renewable Energy in the EU, the Energy Charter Treaty, and Italy’s Withdrawal Therefrom, by A. De Luca, Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi

Excerpts of these articles are available here and here

A voluminous Festschrift in honour of Gerhard Wegen has recently been published: Christian Cascante, Andreas Spahlinger and Stephan Wilske (eds.), Global Wisdom on Business Transactions, International Law and Dispute Resolution, Festschrift für Gerhard Wegen zum 65. Geburtstag, Munich (CH Beck) 2015; XIII, 864 pp., 199 €. Gerhard Wegen is not only one of the leading German M & A lawyers and an internationally renowned expert on commercial arbitration, but also a honorary professor of international business law at the University of Tübingen (Germany) and a co-editor of a highly successful commentary on the German Civil Code (including private international law). This liber amicorum contains contributions both in English and in German on topics related to international business law, private international and comparative law as well as various aspects of international dispute resolution. For conflictoflaws.net readers, contributions on Unamar and mandatory rules (Gunther Kühne, p. 451), international labour law (Stefan Lingemann and Eva Maria Schweitzer, p. 463), problems of characterization in international insolvency law (Andreas Spahlinger, p. 527) and marital property law in German-French relations (Gerd Weinreich, p. 557) may be of particular interest. Moreover, a large number of articles is devoted to international commercial arbitration (pp. 569 et seqq.). For the full table of contents, see here.

Another recent Festschrift has been published in honour of Wulf-Henning Roth, professor emeritus at the University of Bonn: Thomas Ackermann/Johannes Köndgen (eds.), Privat- und Wirtschaftsrecht in Europa, Festschrift für Wulf-Henning Roth zum 70. Geburtstag, Munich (CH Beck) 2015; XIV, 744 pp., 199 €. Although Roth is generally recognized as one of the leading German conflicts scholars of his generation, this liber amicorum is focused mainly on substantive private and economic law, both from a German and a European perspective. Nevertheless, readers interested in choice of law may discover some gems that deserve close attention: Wolfgang Ernst deals with English judge-made case-law as the applicable foreign law (p. 83), Johannes Fetsch analyses Article 83(4) of the EU Succession Regulation (p. 107), Peter Mankowski looks at choice-of-law agreements in consumer contracts (p. 361), Heinz-Peter Mansel publishes a pioneering study on mandatory rules in international property law (p. 375), and Oliver Remien presents a survey on the application of the law of other Member States in the EU (p. 431). For the full table of contents, see here.

Within the context of the service of documents Regulation (1393/2007) but with no less relevance for the Jurisdiction Regulation, the Court held last week on the qualification of an action by (German) holders of Greek bonds, against the Greek State, for the involuntary shave they took on those bonds. I reviewed Bot AG’s Opinion here. He had suggested that in the case at issue, the Greek State, with its retroactive insertion of the collective action clause in the underlying contract, exercised acta uire imperii with direct intervention in the contract itself. Not an abstract, general regime (such as a change in overall tax) which only has an impact on said contract at arm’s length.

The ECJ disagreed. Its finding may be distinguishable, in that it emphasises (at 40 and 44 in particular) that for the service of documents Regulation, things need to move fast indeed and hence interpretation even of core concepts of the Regulation needs to proceed swiftly: ‘in order to determine whether Regulation No 1393/2007 is applicable, it suffices that the court hearing the case concludes that it is not manifest that the action brought before it falls outside the scope definition of civil and commercial matters.‘ (at 49) However in the remainder of the judgment it does refer to precedent in particular under the Brussels I Regulation, hence presumably making current interpretation de rigueur for European civil procedure generally.

As noted in my earlier review, Bot AG opined that the Greek State’s intervention in the contracts was direct and not at a distance from the contract. The Court on the other hand essentially emphasised (at 57) that even though the Greek State, with its retroactive insertion of the collective action clause in the underlying contract, enabled the subsequent vote by the majority of the bondholders (to the dismay of the outvoted applicants), it was the vote, which led directly and immediately to changes to the financial conditions of the securities in question and therefore caused the damage alleged by the applicants – not the Act which enabled it. Not acta iure imperii therefore and hence European civil procedure is applicable.

I need to ponder this a bit further however at first sight the ‘direct and immediate’ effect test brings back soar memories of the ‘primarily aimed at’ test in WTO law, which took some time for the Appellate body to shake off. A bit of a leap, I know, but the trade lawyers among you will know what I mean. Applicants in the case at issue may be left arguing that identifying the Greek State’s intervention as the cause of the change in law, is no application of the butterfly effect (an extremely remote event which is being blamed for downstream effects) but rather an elephant in the Greek bond market room.

‘Direct and immediate effect’ may become an important consideration in the ECJ’s application of ‘civil and commercial’ in EU civil procedure law.

Geert.

Il Centro di Studi Giuridici Europei dell’Università di Urbino “Carlo Bo” organizza, in collaborazione con l’Istituto svizzero di diritto comparato, il 57ème Séminaire de Droit Comparé et Européen.

L’iniziativa, che si svolgerà tra il 17 e 29 agosto 2015 ad Urbino, vedrà succedersi lezioni e conferenze, oltre agli interventi di notai italiani e lussemburghesi.

Questo il programma delle lezioni: Marie-Elodie Ancel (Univ. Paris-Est Créteil, Paris XII), Œuvres des arts appliqués: emprise et limites du principe européen de nondiscrimination; Eleonora Ballarino (Foro di Milano),  Law and practice in International Contract Law: Case studies in Oil & Gas Contracts; Francesca Bologna (Foro di Venezia), La protection des données personnelles en France et en Italie à l’aune du droit européen; Robert Bray (Parlamento europeo), L’immunità parlamentare a livello europeo; Georges Cavalier (Univ. Jean Moulin, Lyon 3), Comparative and European taxation. Comparative tax incentives for research & Development (R&D); Tuto Rossi (Univ. Friburgo), Contratti complessi in diritto internazionale privato; Martin Svatoš (FORARB Arbitration), Les questions contemporaines dans le domaine de l’arbitrage international: L’interaction avec la médiation et autres MARC; Chris Tomale (Univ. Heidelberg), A la recherche d’une coordination des compétences universelles civiles entre l’Union européenne et les Etats tiers.

Le conferenze vedranno gli interventi di:  Alessandro Bondi (Univ. Urbino), Le droit pénal européen 2.0; Andrea Giussani (Univ. Urbino) La direttiva sulle azioni di risarcimento del danno antitrust; Luigi Mari (Univ. Urbino), Il diritto internazionale privato sammarinese; Alexander R. Markus (Univ. Berna), Le Règlement Bruxelles I bis et la Convention de Lugano; Paolo Morozzo della Rocca (Univ. Urbino), La filiazione tra bilanciamento dei diritti e ordine pubblico; Cyril Nourissat  (Univ. Jean Moulin, Lyon 3), Le 17 août 2015: une révolution pour les successions internationales?; Ilaria Pretelli (Ist. Svizzero di diritto comparato), Le misure provvisorie nella rifusione del regolamento Bruxelles I.

A chiudere il seminario sono previsti gli interventi, sul tema dell’attività notarile in Europa, dei notai Paolo Pasqualis (Fondazione Italiana del Notariato), Elisabetta Bergamini (Univ. Udine) e Corrado Malberti (Univ. Lussemburgo).

Le iscrizioni, aperte sino al 1° agosto 2015 dovranno essere inoltrate all’indirizzo email seminaire@uniurb.it inviando la domanda compilata e sottoscritta reperibile qui.

Maggiori informazioni sono disponibili a questo indirizzo. Il flyer dell’iniziativa è qui consultabile.

The summer Séminaire de Droit Comparé et Européen is a common venture of Italian and French jurists taking place in Urbino (Italy) since 1959 – this edition makes therefore the number 57. The underlying idea is to provide for a place and time for the gathering of jurists, mainly, but not only, from European countries, and thus contribute to the development of knowledge of Comparative,  International (both public and private) and European law.

This year’s seminar will be held in August, 17th to 29th, counting with speakers from various countries and institutions, among which Prof. M.E. Ancel, C. Nourissat, A. Giussani, A.R. Markus, L. Mari or I. Pretelli. Practitioners -lawyers, mediators, arbitrators and notaries- are also involved. Presentations may be in French, English or Italian; a summarized translation may be asked for.

The whole program as well as email addresses for further information is downloadable here.

Si svolgerà a Monaco di Baviera, il 23 giugno 2015, un incontro di studio dal titolo The EU Regulation no. 650/2012: the European way in cross-border successions.

L’evento si colloca nella cornice del progetto Towards the Entry into Force of the Succession Regulation: Building Future Uniformity upon Past Divergencies, coordinato dall’Università di Milano e finanziato dall’Unione europea.

Interverranno, fra gli altri, Peter Kindler (Univ. Ludwig Maximilan, Monaco), Ilaria Viarengo (Univ. Milano), Dan Andrei Popescu (Univ. Babeş-Bolyai, Cluj) e Francesco Pesce (Univ. Genova).

Maggiori informazioni a questo indirizzo.

The British Columbia Court of Appeal has upheld an interlocutory injunction made against Google Inc., a non-party, in litigation between Equustek Solutions Inc. and Datalink Technologies Gateways Inc.  The decision is available here.

The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants had counterfeited their product.  In an effort to prevent the defendants from selling the counterfeit product, which was being done over the internet, the plaintiffs sought and obtained an interlocutory injunction against Google Inc., a Delaware corporation based in California, ordering it to exclude a list of certain web sites from search results.  The aim was to stop customers from finding the defendants.  Google Inc. appealed the injunction on several grounds.

The court concluded that it had in personam jurisdiction over Google Inc. because it conducted business in the province: it advertised to residents of British Columbia and it actively obtained data for use in its search engines in British Columbia.  It held that the fact that Google Inc. was a non-party did not prevent the making of the injunction as against it.  It also held that the fact that the injunction had extraterritorial effects, requiring Google Inc. to take steps outside British Columbia, was not a valid objection.  On these issues the court reviewed several leading United Kingdom cases, including The Siskina, Channel Tunnel Group and South Carolina Insurance.  It also commented favourably on the recent decision in Cartier International AG v British Sky Broadcasting Limited, [2014] EWHC 3354 (Ch.).  Key Canadian authorities relied on include MacMillan Bloedel, BMWE and Minera Aquiline Argentina.

The decision is likely to be important on the question of what it means to carry on business over the internet.

On 11 June 2015, the European Union deposited its instrument of approval of the Hague Convention of 30 June 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements.

Two declarations are appended to the instrument of approval: a declaration under Article 30 (i.e. a declaration regarding the competences exercised by a Regional Economic Integration Organisation, to be made when such an Organisation accedes to the Convention without its Member States), and a declaration regarding the succession of the European Union to the European Community.

The move of the European Union paves the way to the entry into force of the Convention. Pursuant to Article 31(1), the Convention shall in fact “enter into force on the first day of the month following the expiration of three months after the deposit of the second instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession”. The first of these instruments was the instrument of ratification deposited by Mexico in 2007.

The Convention will thus enter into force for Mexico and the European Union on 1 October 2015.

On 11 June 2015, the European Union deposited its instrument of approval of the Hague Convention of 30 June 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements.

Two declarations are appended to the instrument of approval: a declaration under Article 30 (i.e. a declaration regarding the competences exercised by a Regional Economic Integration Organisation, to be made when such an Organisation accedes to the Convention without its Member States), and a declaration regarding the succession of the European Union to the European Community.

The move of the European Union paves the way to the entry into force of the Convention. Pursuant to Article 31(1), the Convention shall in fact “enter into force on the first day of the month following the expiration of three months after the deposit of the second instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession”. The first of these instruments was the instrument of ratification deposited by Mexico in 2007.

The Convention will thus enter into force for Mexico and the European Union on 1 October 2015.

La Camera dei Deputati ha approvato in via definitiva, l’11 giugno 2015, il disegno di legge di legge che prevede l’autorizzazione alla ratifica della Convenzione sulla competenza, la legge applicabile, l’efficacia delle decisioni e la cooperazione in materia di responsabilità genitoriale e di misure di protezione dei minori, fatta all’Aja il 19 ottobre 1996, nonché l’esecuzione della Convenzione nell’ordinamento italiano (sull’iter del provvedimento, si veda da ultimo questo post).

Il voto dell’aula interviene a pochi giorni di distanza dalla seduta delle commissioni riunite Giustizia e Affari esteri, svoltasi il 4 giugno 2015, nel corso della quale è emerso l’orientamento di procedere senza ulteriori indugi all’approvazione del testo sortito dal Senato, risultante dallo stralcio delle norme di adattamento ordinario e di integrazione del diritto interno ivi previste (atto Camera 1589-B), salva “la necessità che da parte del Governo venga assunto un impegno concreto affinché l’eventuale approvazione del testo trasmesso dal Senato sia accompagnata da una futura ma non lontana approvazione del disegno di legge che contiene le norme di attuazione interna”.

I have delayed reporting on this initiative for exam reasons. The Belgian Parliament is currently debating a private members’ proposal for statute to address so-called ‘vulture funds’. These funds are described by the financial dictionary as ‘A fund that buys distressed debt of commercial companies or sovereign nations at a cheap price and then often sues them for the entire value of the debt. The resemblance to vultures is because these funds profit from the debt of failing companies or poor nations.‘

The text of the proposal (in Dutch and French) is available here. Vulture funds litigation is generally called immoral in the proposal. Reference is made to a number of high-profile recent judgments where vulture funds have been given approval by various courts worldwide, to seek redress against assets held by the sovereign nations concerned, or indeed their creditors. Particularly sore is the enforcement sought against funds destined for development aid.

The proposal essentially defines ‘vulture funds’ and then suggests that recognition and enforcement of relevant judgments or arbitral awards, regardless of the law applicable to the underlying relationship with the government concerned, is considered to be contrary to Belgian ordre public international, hence unenforceable. The proposal as it stands now adds (probably superfluously) that relevant EU (read: the Brussels I recast Regulation) and international (read especially: the 1958 New York Convention) law takes priority.

The part of the proposal that is bound to attract attention is the attempt at defining the ‘vulture’ in vulture funds. Frits Bolkestein for instance (former EU Commissioner) has remarked that buying up ‘bad debt’ need not always be morally reprehensible (I would suggest it is not that part of the fund’ activities which has attracted the Belgian Parliament’s attention). The enforcement /recognition part of the proposal is interesting because it applies ordre public in a categorical manner, rather than in the ad hoc application which both EU law and residual Belgian conflicts law (the Belgian Private International Law Act) ordinarily call for. For residual Belgian law, this is probably Parliament’s prerogative. However for EU law (and the New York convention), a general apprehension against vulture funds may not qualify as a proper exercise of the ordre public exception. Courts at the least may wish formally to disregard the act when the judgment /award concerned is covered by Brussels I cq. New York; however they can point to the sentiment expressed in the Act, to support incompatibility with Belgian ordre public when tested against an individual case.

The drafters are aware that this initiative may be a drop in the ocean. Reference is made to other, national initiatives (France, UK, US) which may point to an emerging pattern of anti-vulture funds sentiment. Indeed the realities of forum shopping mean that vulture funds action will migrate away from the Belgian legal order. On the other hand, Belgium’s safe harbour may also mean that relevant assets will seek refuge there. All of course, presuming the initiative will actually be adopted by Parliament.

Geert. Disclosure: I advised the MPs concerned on the technical aspects of the recognition and enforcement leg of the proposal. [My advice may or may not have been followed ].

Michel José Reymond, La compétence internationale en cas d’atteinte à la personnalité par Internet, Schulthess, 2015, ISBN 9783725585328, pp. 387, Euro 82,10.

[Dal sito dell’editore] Quel tribunal est compétent pour juger d’un cas d’atteinte à la personnalité commise sur le réseau Internet? Le cas échéant, quel droit sera applicable? Avec en toile de fond la rencontre entre la territorialité des principes du droit international privé et l’ubiquité du réseau Internet, ce travail présente, compare et analyse les différentes approches qu’ont adoptées les juges confrontés à cette problématique; il aboutit sur une proposition permettant, pour ce qui concerne la compétence, de mieux prendre en compte les caractéristiques de la publication par Internet. Il met également le doigt sur les difficultés ressenties par le législateur communautaire à résoudre la question du droit applicable à ces atteintes, et examine à cet effet plusieurs des règles de conflit proposées lors de ses travaux.

Il sommario è disponibile qui. Ulteriori informazioni a questo indirizzo.