Agrégateur de flux

Monika Zalnieriute (University of New South Wales) has posted Data Transfers after Schrems II: The EU-US Disagreements Over Data Privacy and National Security on SSRN.

In the long-awaited Schrems II decision, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) took a radical, although not an unexpected, step in invalidating the Privacy Shield Agreement which facilitated the European Union – United States data transfers. Schrems II illuminates the long-lasting international disagreements between the EU and USA over data protection, national security, and the fundamental differences between the public and private approaches to protection of human rights in data-driven economy and modern state. This article approaches the decision via an interdisciplinary lens of international law and international relations and situates it in a broader historical context. In particular, I rely on the historical institutionalist approach which emphasizes the importance of time and timing (also called sequencing) as well as institutional preferences of different actors to demonstrate that Schrems II decision further solidifies and cements CJEU’s principled approach to data protection, rejecting data securitization and surveillance in the post-Snowden era. Schrems II aims to re-balance the terms of international cooperation in data-sharing across the Atlantic and beyond. It is the outcome that the US tech companies and the government feared. Yet, they are not the only actors displeased with the decision. An institutionalist emphasis enables us to see that the EU is not a monolithic block, and Schrems II outcome is also contrary to the strategy and preferences of the EU Commission. The invalidation of the Privacy Shield will now (again) require either a reorientation of EU policy and priorities, or accommodation of the institutional preferences of its powerful political ally – the USA. The CJEU decision goes against the European Data Strategy, and places a $7.1 trillion transatlantic economic relationship at risk. Historical institutional analysis suggests the structural changes in the US legal system to address the inadequacies in the Schrems II judgment are unlikely. Therefore, the EU Commission will act quick to create a solution – another quick contractual ‘fix’ – to accommodate US exceptionalism and gloss over the decades of disagreement between the EU and USA over data protection, national security and privacy. When two powerful actors are unwilling to change their institutional preferences, ‘contracting out’ the protection of human rights in international law is the most convenient option.

The paper is forthcoming in the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law.

Advocate General Campos Sánchez-Bordona delivered today his opinion in case C‑301/20 (UE, HC v Vorarlberger Landes- und Hypotheken-Bank AG), which is about the Succession Regulation. The opinion is currently available in all EU official languages (save Irish), albeit not in English. Here is the French version (to check whether an English translation has finally been made available, just click on the link below and change the language version):

« L’article 69 du règlement (UE) no 650/2012 […], lu conjointement avec l’article 70, paragraphe 3, de ce règlement, doit être interprété en ce sens qu’il y a lieu de reconnaître les effets de la copie certifiée conforme d’un certificat successoral européen qui était valable lorsqu’elle a été présentée la première fois, mais qui a expiré avant que l’autorité compétente prenne la décision sollicitée.
À titre d’exception, en cas d’indices raisonnables que le certificat successoral européen a été rectifié, modifié, retiré ou suspendu dans ses effets avant la décision de cette autorité, celle‑ci peut exiger la production d’une nouvelle copie ou d’une copie prorogée ».

Source : https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=240556&text=&dir=&doclang=FR&part=1&occ=first&mode=DOC&pageIndex=0&cid=12509605

Posted at the request of Sahil Verma, Managing Editor, Trade, Law and Development

Special Issue on Trade and Technology: Rebooting Global Trade for the Digital
Millennium
Issue 13.1 | Summer’21

Founded in 2009, the philosophy of Trade, Law and Development has been to generate and
sustain a constructive and democratic debate on emergent issues in international economic law
and to serve as a forum for the discussion and distribution of ideas. In keeping with these ideals,
the Board of Editors is pleased to announce “Trade and Technology: Rebooting Global Trade for the
Digital Millennium” as the theme for its next Special Issue (Vol. XIII, No. 1).

The WTO framework emerged out of the requirement to promote comparative advantages of
countries in the post-Industrial Revolution era. However, the developments that followed via
Ministerial Conferences, Council discussions and Appellate Body Reports have not moved away
from the traditional methods of trading involving brick-and-mortar factories, recognised fiat
currency, etc. With the unstoppable growth in digital innovation and dense proliferation of the
Internet and ICTs, International Economic Law and its framers must go back to the negotiating
table to chalk out a novel framework relevant for the new digital millennium.

E-Commerce emerged as the virtual marketplace connecting consumers to sellers across borders.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds enormous potential to solve efficiency deficits in manufacturing,
public health and education. 3D Printing is expected to meet demand shortages of essentials like
hearing aids. Blockchain and Digital Currencies could change payments and banking services as
we know it along with possible implications for trade finance opportunities. This Issue aims to
foster stimulating discussions on what these developments mean for trade as we know it.

In addition to these developments, the COVID-19 outbreak provides strong impetus for
countries to relook their digital trade and investment policies as reliance on digital resources
increase. While some steps have been taken to include digital technologies in regional trade
agreements, a more comprehensive and cohesive framework is yet to emerge in this regard.

Moreover, given the significance of these issues, governments across the world have begun
implementing rules and regulations for data privacy, cyber security, etc. The differences across
regulatory regimes could cause problems as to their interoperability across countries. The impact
of these regulations on the international trade level is yet to be seen.

An illustrative list of areas under the theme that authors could write upon are:

E-commerce
Artificial Intelligence Summer, 2021
Vol. XIII, No. 1
Implications for Trade Facilitation
Blockchain
Data Protection and Security
Competitiveness and Digital Taxation
Digital Divide between Advanced Economies and Developing World
Impact on Investment
Trade Policy
Implications for Gender Equality

These sub-issues are not exhaustive, and the Journal is open to receiving submissions on all
aspects related to Trade and Technology and its impact on the global trading system. This special
issue, currently scheduled for publication in Summer 2021, will provide an ideal platform to
deliberate on such issues related to trade and technology. Accordingly, the Board of Editors
of Trade, Law and Development is pleased to invite original, unpublished manuscripts for the
Special Issue on Trade and Technology: Rebooting Global Trade for the Digital Millennium for publication
as ‘Articles’, ‘Notes’, ‘Comments’ and ‘Book Reviews’.

Manuscripts may be submitted via e-mail or ExpressO.

In case of any queries, please feel free to contact us at: editors[at]tradelawdevelopment[dot]com.

Exequatur of an American court decision : compliance test with international public order and Article 6§1 ECHR.

Commercial agent status : the commercial agent's power to negotiate does not necessarily imply that he has the power to change the price of products or services.

This Thursday AG Campos Sánchez-Bordona delivered his Opinion in an Austrian case pertaining to the interpretation of the Succession Regulation and in particular to its Articles 69 (Effects of the European Certificate of Succession)  and 70 (Certified copies of the Certificate), namely in the case Vorarlberger Landes- und Hypotheken-Bank, C-301/20.

As the Opinion itself clarifies it at its point 2, the Court asked its AG to elaborate only on the third preliminary question, which reads as follows:

Must Article 69 read in conjunction with Article 70(3) of the EU Succession Regulation be interpreted as meaning that the legitimising effect of the certified copy of [an ECS] must be recognised if it was still valid when it was first submitted but expired before the requested decision of the authority, or does that provision not preclude national law if the latter requires the certificate to be valid even at the time of the decision?

According to Article 70(3) of the Regulation, the certified copies issued shall be valid for a limited period of six months, to be indicated in the certified copy by way of an expiry date.

As AG clarifies, the preliminary question seeks to determine the precise moment in relation to which the authority to which the certified copy is presented must verify the validity of this copy (point 25). In principle, two solutions already hinted in the preliminary question seem to be possible for AG: the certified copy has to be valid at the time of its submission to the authority or it has to be valid at the time of the decision (point 26).

However, as AG acknowledges, it has to be first decided whether the Succession Regulation determines itself the moment relevant for the validity of a certified copy or this issue is left for the Member States to decide (point 44).

Ultimately, he concludes that it is the Regulation itself that determines such relevant moment (point 46) and that the legitimising effect of the certified copy of an ECS must be recognized if it was still valid when it was first submitted to an authority, even where subsequently the validity of this certificate has expired (point 63).

This interpretation is accompanied by a caveat to the effect that, by way of exception, if there are reasonable grounds for considering that the ECS has been rectified, modified, withdrawn or suspended as to its effectiveness prior to the adoption of the requested decision, the authority may call for the production of a new certified copy or a certified copy with an extended period of its validity (point 76).

The Opinion can be consulted here (no English version yet).

Cressida Mawdesley-Thomas has overview of the facts and issues in Johnson v Berentzen & Anor [2021] EWHC 1042 (QB) here. Stacey J essentially confirms the conclusions of Tipples J in Pandya.

The case concerns the extent of the ‘evidence and procedure’ exclusion from the Rome II Regulation on applicable law in the event of non-contractual obligations.  For the reasons I outlined in my review of the latter (readers please refer to same), I continue to disagree. With counsel for claimant I would suggest Pandya wrongly interpreted A15(h) Rome II in concluding that the provisions of A15 (‘scope of the law applicable) are to be construed widely , and the evidence and procedure exclusion (not: ‘exception’), narrowly.

Something for the Court of Appeal to look into, I would suggest.

Geert.

EU Private International Law, 3rd ed. 2021, para 4.79 ff.