Agrégateur de flux

QPC

Chambre de l'instruction - Douanes

In Greenaway v Parrish & Ors [2021] EWHC 1506 (QB) ( I signaled it a while ago but the case has only recently appeared on BAILII), Spencer J had to consider the practical implications of the impossibility of referrals to the Court of Justice of the EU, by UK judges. Plenty of pending cases were introduced before Brexit day. Moreover, an even larger number of cases will be subject to retained EU law.

In a specific conflict of laws sense, this raises the particular (procedural and substantive) issue of foreign law being fact and hence needing to be proven. Retained and /or previously applicable EU law, will not be foreign law as such, yet clearly it is law of a different nature than UK statutory and common law across the isles.

The practical implications of all this have now surfaced in Greenaway. Following CJEU CILFIT, EU law is (usually) equally authentic in 22 languages. In the case at hand, this centres upon the meaning of the word ‘stolen’, in the motor insurance Directive 2009/103. How should a judge inform her /himself of the meaning of the word in the 22 languages, and potentially also of the implementation of the Directive across the Member States. 12 King’s Bench Walk have analysis of the case here. As they note, Mr Justice Spencer granted permission to each party to adduce four foreign law experts reports in EU jurisdictions of their choosing, so that the relevant foreign language versions of the Directive could be understood. He also gave permission for those experts to give evidence as to the implementation of the Directive in those member states, that material being part of the context in which the point at issue had to be decided.

This is an important procedural point which no doubt will surface in a variety of shapes in years to come.

Geert.

Languages and retained EU law
Of much note indeed
Greenaway & Rocks v Covea Insurance ea
How should the E&W courts deal with the CILFIT principle of 22 authentic language versions (see https://t.co/TE7wheSbTP) viz 'stolen' in Dir 2009/103
paging @Prof_KMcA @stefaanvdjeught https://t.co/0XhfqUdIbL

— Geert Van Calster (@GAVClaw) March 18, 2021

Sharpston / Conseil et Conférence des Représentants des Gouvernements des États membres
Droit institutionnel
La Cour confirme le rejet de deux recours en annulation introduits par Mme Eleanor Sharpston, aux fins de faire constater l’illégalité de la fin anticipée de son mandat d’avocate générale du fait du retrait du Royaume-Uni de Grande Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord de l’Union européenne

The Minerva Centre for Human Rights at Tel Aviv University is organising an international socio-legal workshop that will explore the impact of the Covid-19 crisis and its regulation on cross-border families. Topics include issues of belonging, travel restrictions, civil rights, birth across borders, international child abduction and transnational homes in pandemic times.

The workshop will take place on 22 June 2021. The  full program and registration form are available.

For additional information, contact eynatmey@tauex.tau.ac.il

The author of this post is Estelle Gallant, professor of private law at the University of Toulouse 1 Capitole.

In a judgment of 27 January 2021 the French Supreme Court for civil and criminal matters (Cour de cassation) applied the Hague Convention of 13 January 2000 on the International Protection of Adults (the ‘Adults Convention’) in a case concerned with a mandate in case of incapacity. More specifically, the issue was the content of the distinction between the conditions of validity of the mandate and its manner of exercise.

The Adults Convention

Currently applicable in 13 States (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Latvia, Monaco, Portugal, Switzerland and the United Kingdom), the 2000 Hague Convention takes into consideration a particular mechanism enabling an adult to organise in advance his or her personal or property protection for the time when he or she is no longer able to provide it. This legal form of mandate in case of incapacity, which was well known in North America and not very widespread in Europe at the time the Convention was drafted, is now more common in Europe. It exists in French law in the form of the “future protection mandate” and in Swiss law in the form of the “mandate for incapacity”. The mandate in case of incapacity is governed in the Adults Convention by Articles 15 and 16.

Article 15 refers to “powers of representation granted by an adult, either under an agreement or by a unilateral act, to be exercised when such adult is not in a position to protect his or her interests”. The adult thus entrusts a person or an institution of his or her choice with powers of representation for the future in the event that he or she is unable to protect his or her interests. Such mandate may take the form of an agreement, but also of a unilateral legal act. It may concern the management of property and affairs, but also the protection of the person, his or her care or the decisions to be taken at the end of life, in order to put an end to over-treatment for example. Generally speaking, the legislation establishing this mandate in case of incapacity makes the starting point of the mandate’s effects depend on a judicial and/or medical finding of incapacity.

Article 15(1) of the Convention designates the law of the adult’s habitual residence at the time the instrument is drawn up as applicable to mandates in case of incapacity. Article 15(2) also offers the adult the possibility of choosing the applicable law among three: a) his or her national law, b) the law of a former habitual residence, c) the law of the place where his or her property is located. Irrespective of how it is designated, the applicable law applies to “the existence, extent, modification and extinction of powers of representation” granted by the adult. However, the manner of exercise the powers conferred by the mandate is governed by the law of the State where it is exercised, according to Article 15(3). It follows that whenever the mandate is to be implemented in a State other than the one whose law is applicable, the manner of exercise the mandate will be governed by a different law than the one governing the mandate.

The Ruling – Distinguishing between Validity and Exercise of Mandates

This was the issue raised by the case before the Cour de cassation. A mandate in case of incapacity had been established in Switzerland, where the adult had his habitual residence, before moving to France. As he wished to implement the mandate in France, one of his sons obtained that the mandate be verified formally and “stamped” by an officer of the court (visé par le greffier du Tribunal) in accordance with French procedure. However, another son of the grantor brought proceedings to challenge the implementation of the mandate. He won before the court of appeal of Pau, which annulled the clerk’s stamping on the grounds that it should not have been granted because the mandate did not include any means of controlling the representative of the adult.

The son who had obtained the stamping appealed to the Cour de cassation, which allowed the appeal. The Court held that by requiring that the clerk’s stamping be granted only if the mandate expressly provided any arrangements with respect to the control of the representative, the court of appeal had actually imposed conditions which were not concerned with the implementation of the mandate, but with its validity.

According to the Cour de Cassation, the implementation in France of a Swiss mandate in case of incapacity could not be subject to a condition of validity of French law that was not imposed by Swiss law. The provisions of the Adults Convention are thus perfectly respected: they imply making a distinction between conditions of validity and manner of exercise of mandates in case of incapacity.

The Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) delivered today its decision in case C‑645/19 (Facebook Ireland Ltd, Facebook Inc., Facebook Belgium BVBA, v Gegevensbeschermingsautoriteit), which is about the cross-border processing of personal data:

“1. Article 55(1), Articles 56 to 58 and Articles 60 to 66 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 […] on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data […] read together with Articles 7, 8 and 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, must be interpreted as meaning that a supervisory authority of a Member State which […] has the power to bring any alleged infringement of that regulation to the attention of a court of that Member State and, where necessary, to initiate or engage in legal proceedings, may exercise that power in relation to an instance of cross‑border data processing even though it is not the ‘lead supervisory authority’, within the meaning of Article 56(1) of that regulation, with respect to that data processing, provided that that power is exercised in one of the situations where Regulation 2016/679 confers on that supervisory authority a competence to adopt a decision finding that such processing is in breach of the rules contained in that regulation and that the cooperation and consistency procedures laid down by that regulation are respected.

2. Article 58(5) of Regulation 2016/679 must be interpreted as meaning that, in the event of cross-border data processing, it is not a prerequisite for the exercise of the power of a supervisory authority of a Member State, other than the lead supervisory authority, to initiate or engage in legal proceedings, within the meaning of that provision, that the controller with respect to the cross-border processing of personal data against whom such proceedings are brought has a main establishment or another establishment on the territory of that Member State.

3. Article 58(5) of Regulation 2016/679 must be interpreted as meaning that the power of a supervisory authority of a Member State, other than the lead supervisory authority, to bring any alleged infringement of that regulation to the attention of a court of that Member State and, where appropriate, to initiate or engage in legal proceedings, within the meaning of that provision, may be exercised both with respect to the main establishment of the controller which is located in that authority’s own Member State and with respect to another establishment of that controller, provided that the object of the legal proceedings is a processing of data carried out in the context of the activities of that establishment and that that authority is competent to exercise that power, in accordance with the terms of the answer to the first question referred.

4. Article 58(5) of Regulation 2016/679 must be interpreted as meaning that, where a supervisory authority of a Member State which is not the ‘lead supervisory authority’ […] has brought a legal action, the object of which is an instance of cross-border processing of personal data, before 25 May 2018, that is, before the date when that regulation became applicable, that action may, from the perspective of EU law, be continued on the basis of the provisions of Directive 95/46/EC […] on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, which remains applicable in relation to infringements of the rules laid down in that directive committed up to the date when that directive was repealed. That action may, in addition, be brought by that authority with respect to infringements committed after that date, on the basis of Article 58(5) of Regulation 2016/679, provided that that action is brought in one of the situations where, exceptionally, that regulation confers on a supervisory authority of a Member State which is not the ‘lead supervisory authority’ a competence to adopt a decision finding that the processing of data in question is in breach of the rules contained in that regulation with respect to the protection of the rights of natural persons as regards the processing of personal data, and that the cooperation and consistency procedures laid down by that regulation are respected, which it is for the referring court to determine.

5. Article 58(5) of Regulation 2016/679 must be interpreted as meaning that that provision has direct effect, with the result that a national supervisory authority may rely on that provision in order to bring or continue a legal action against private parties, even where that provision has not been specifically implemented in the legislation of the Member State concerned”.

Source: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=242821&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=14254177

Aldricus – Makanan ialah zat yang dikonsumsi oleh makhluk hidup untuk memperoleh gizi yang selanjutnya dibuat jadi energi. Karbohidrat, lemak, protein, vitamin, dan mineral sebagai nutrien pada makanan yang diperlukan oleh badan. Cairan yang digunakan untuk tujuan ini kerap disebutkan minuman, tapi kata ‘makanan’ bisa juga digunakan. Makanan yang dimakan oleh manusia disebutkan pangan, sedang makanan yang dimakan oleh hewan disebutkan pakan.

Kualitas satu makanan bisa dipandang dari energi makanan dan usia taruh yang dipunyainya. Mengonsumsi makanan secara tidak pas atau kurang cukup akan mengakibatkan malnutrisi, yang bisa berbuntut pada beragam masalah kesehatan.

Disamping itu, beberapa macam makanan dapat memacu munculnya alergi makanan saat dimakan oleh pribadi yang peka. Bahan makanan dibuat jadi beragam sajian yang berbeda dan jadi keunikan satu kebudayaan atau warga di lokasi geografis tertentu. Makanan sebagai subyek yang didalami dalam beragam pengetahuan, seperti pengetahuan pangan, pengetahuan nutrisi atau gizi, dan gastronomi.

2017 itu trendingnya makanan sehat . Maka, untuk kamu yang ingin ngikutin trend saat ini, mulai seringkali dech searching resep makanan sehat. Satu diantaranya alpukat yang menjadi bahan makan harus buat trend makanan sehat tahun 2017 ini. Yuk lihat resepnya!

1. Avocado Toast

Jika kamu umumnya makan pagi dengan toast dan selai, coba saat ini tukar menu sarapanmu dengan toast dan alpukat. Sama gampangnya dan rasanya juga lebih nikmat dan sehat. Triknya mudah, mengambil daging buah alpukat dan remukin kasar dengan memakai sendok, jadi dech seperti selai kasar. Jika kamu ingin menambah rasa, kamu dapat taburin chili powder di atasnya.

2. Avocado Steak

Alpukat pas sekali lho buat jadi rekan makan steak. Jika umumnya kamu cicipin dengan sauce barbecue, saat ini kamu punyai rekomendasi lain yakni sauce alpukat. Triknya sama gampangnya seperti buat selai alpukat untuk toast-mu barusan.

3. Avocado Salsa

Sukai makan nachos gunakan sambal salsa? Nach, saat ini kamu dapat tambahin akar alpukat dalam sauce salsa itu. Dengan kombinasi tomat, bawan bombay dan alpukat, ditanggung kesan makan nachos gunakan sauce salsamu menjadi lebih terasa.

4. Avocado Tacos

Siapa ngomong goreng-gorengan tidak sehat? Jika bahan intinya alpukat, tentu masih sehat, donk? Nach, buat alternatif daging-dagingan, kamu dapat buat fried avocado buat jadi isian Tacos ini. Tambahin dengan sauce salsa atau irisan tomat dan paprika, Tacos a la kamu tentu lebih nikmat!

5. Baked Avocado

Alpukat bisa juga kamu jadiin makanan fancy lho dengan memadukannya dengan rebusan telur 1/2 masak di atasnya. Trus, untuk sentuhan akhir, kamu dapat kasih taburan keju parmesan atau chili powder dech. Hm, nikmat!

6. Pea dan Avocado Pizza

Saat ini, style makan pizza dapat semakin sehat kembali dengan menukar topping-nya. Jika umumnya kamu pakai sauce barbecue, saat ini kamu dapat tukar dengan sauce alpukat dengan potongan tipis dan potongan buah-buahan yang lain. Tidak kalah menarik dech visualnya seperti pizza komersial yang lain!

7. Avocado Soup

Sukai malas makan buah? Jus saja! Dengan percampuran beragam bahan buah-buahan dan makanan jadi sup, tentu kamu menjadi lebih nikmat melahapnya. Kasih topping buah-buahan lain yang lebih fresh seperti mangga.

8. Salmon Avocado Sauce

Salmon dan sauce alpukat sebagai salah satunya kombinasi yang tidak ada yang dapat menyaingi. Dengan memakai alpukat yang telah diblender secara lembut, tentu rasa Baked Salmonmu menjadi lebih nikmat dan sehat. Ingin mencoba?

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The post 8 Cara Sehat Nikmatin Alpukat di Sajian Makananmu appeared first on Aldri Blog.

Juridictions correctionnelles - Peines

Responsabilité pénale

Instruction – Droits de la défense

The post you are reading is the 500th post of the blog of the European Association of Private International law since the blog was launched in November 2019.

How have things gone for the blog over this time? The statistics below provide some answers.

Blog Subscribers

The number of those who wish to be notified by e-mail of new new posts has steadily grown over the months. They currently exceed 540.

Views

How many people come and visit us? The figure below shows the number of times a unique visitor has viewed the blog or any of its posts. To date, views exceed 170.000 in the aggregate.

Geo Stats

Where do our readers come from? The color gradation in the maps below shows the countries where blog visitors are based: the greener the country, the larger its share of the overal blog viewers.  

World

Europe

Top 10 – World Countries
Germany: 10,55%
Italy: 10,22%
Luxembourg: 9,66%
Netherlands: 7,86%
United Kingdom: 7,83%
France: 7,32%
Spain: 6,17%
United States: 4,56%
Belgium: 4,13%
Poland: 2,94%

Post Categories

Posts are grouped, according to their content, into different categories. The five categories with the most posts are, in order, scholarship, case law, normative texts, views and comments and conferences and academic events.

Comments

The aim of the EAPIL blog is not just to inform readers but also to foster debate on any issues relating to private international law, consistent with the goals of the Association. Readers’ comments are crucial to that. They are very welcome! So far, blog posts have received more than 230 comments.

The Most Commented Post

The post that has received the most comments is French Supreme Court Redefines Territoriality of Enforcement over Debts, by Gilles Cuniberti, published on 18 March 2021. It discussed two judgments delivered by the French Supreme Court for civil and criminal matters which extended the reach of French attachments to any claims owed to third parties established in France, irrespective of whether the third party had its headquarters in France or abroad, and irrespective of the situs of the debt. It attracted 14 comments.

Guest Posts

While most of the posts are written by the blog editors, the blog regularly hosts contributions by academics and practitioners form outside the team. So far, the blog has welcomed posts from specialists based in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Those willing to submit a guest post, are invited to write an e-mail to blog@eapil.org.

And don’t forget: the blog, and the Association generally, is active on social media too. So, join us also on Twitter (@eapilorg) and LinkedIn!

Facebook Ireland e.a.
Principes du droit communautaire
Règlement général sur la protection des données (RGPD) : la Cour précise les conditions d’exercice des pouvoirs des autorités nationales de contrôle pour le traitement transfrontalier de données