Agrégateur de flux

Gain de cause pour le détenu qui invoquait notamment l’article 3 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme pour souligner l’état indigne des cours de promenade de la maison d’arrêt de Fresnes, permettant au tribunal administratif d’annuler la décision de refus de sa mise aux normes.

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Les États membres peuvent librement interdire et sanctionner pénalement une activité d’intermédiation de transport telle que celle proposée par UberPop. Ils ne sont pas tenus de notifier préalablement à la Commission le projet de loi incriminant un tel exercice.

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Au nouveau palais de justice des Batignolles, il manque une centaine de policiers à l’appel. Faute d’effectifs suffisants, le préfet de police vient d’appeler à la rescousse les gendarmes. Un couac dans le transfert de la mission de police des audiences et des escortes, dévolue désormais à la préfecture de police de Paris en remplacement de la gendarmerie. 

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Le Statut de Rome, texte fondateur de la Cour pénale internationale (CPI), a vingt ans cette année. La Cour a depuis ouvert des enquêtes dans onze situations et pourrait s’investir dans une douzième très bientôt. Seconde partie de notre tour d’horizon.

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Par deux arrêts du 11 avril 2018, le Conseil d’État a précisé les conditions d’application des clauses d’exclusion de la qualité de réfugié.

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Soterios Loizou at King’s College London has uploaded an interesting article on ssrn entitled “Revisiting the ‘Content-of-Laws’ Enquiry in International Arbitration”. The abstract is:

Establishing the content of the applicable law is one of the most important, albeit seldom examined, topics in the theory and practice of international arbitration. Setting as point of departure the regulatory vacuum in nearly all national laws on international arbitration, this study examines in depth this “content-of-laws” enquiry in an attempt to foster doctrinal integrity, legal certainty and predictability in arbitral proceedings. Specifically, this study encompasses a three level analysis of the topic. Firstly, it explores the theoretical underpinnings and the various approaches articulated in legal theory to the establishment of the content of the applicable law in international litigation and arbitration. Secondly, on the basis of an elaborate comparative review of the various legal regimes and jurisprudence in the most frequently selected venues of arbitration, namely England & Wales, France, Hong Kong, Singapore, Switzerland, the state of New York (USA), and Sweden, as well as in leading investment arbitration fora, it challenges conventional wisdom by showcasing the emerging trend towards the application of a “facultative” jura novit arbiter principle in international arbitral proceedings. Thirdly, it delineates a clear modus operandi for arbitral tribunals, and national courts reviewing arbitral awards in annulment proceedings, and offers model clauses, arbitration rules, and national law provisions on the content-of-laws enquiry. The study concludes with some final remarks and observations that amplify the importance of continuous governing law related consultations between the parties and the arbitrators throughout the arbitral proceedings, and, certainly, before the tribunal has rendered its final award.

The full article can be accessed here.

The new issue of “Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht – The Rabels Journal of Comparative and International Private Law” (RabelsZ) has just been released. It contains the following articles:

Holger Fleischer, Kautelarpraxis und Privatrecht: Grundfragen und gesellschaftsrechtliche Illustrationen (Contractual Practice and Private Law: Basic Questions and Illustrations Taken from Company Law)

This paper highlights the importance of contractual practice for the development of modern private law. It outlines the trajectories of such practice from its early origins in Roman law to our time. Special attention is given to practitioners’ achievements and legal innovations in company law, ranging from shareholder agreements and enterprise agreements to the single-member company. Finally, the diffusion process of these innovations is analysed more closely, followed by observations on the relationship between leading practitioners on the one hand and judges, legislators and professors on the other.

Jochen Vetter, Kautelarpraxis und M&A-Verträge (Contractual Practice and M&A Transactions)

The article describes the role of M&A lawyers in, and the limited influence of national legislators, judges and professors on, private M&A transactions. The practical work of M&A lawyers entails far more than simply drafting the relevant M&A contracts; they provide the legal framework for the whole sale process. Neither the applicable law nor the legislator is of particular importance for M&A contracts or for the process of structuring a deal. This is primarily due to the variety of market participants and the breadth of M&A practice, which make efforts of a national legislator to provide a suitable legal framework seem futile. The creation of legal certainty, legal harmonization and the development of legislative interpretation by judges has no practical relevance in M&A. Besides the general benefits of arbitral jurisdiction (professional expertise, confidentiality, timing), another advantage is seen in minimizing any risk that the results of the negotiations will subsequently be subject to judicial review on account of mandatory law. Academic research yields only limited input as to legal questions regarding details. Contractual drafting, deal structure and, in particular, techniques to overcome conflicts of interest are subject to legal research only in exceptional cases. The law applied to M&A contracts is therefore not developed by the legislator, state courts or academic research, but by those working on M&A in practice. M&A lawyers play an important role in contributing to that development. As engineers of party autonomy, it is their duty to set out the results of negotiations in a legal, reliable and practical way so as to ensure that their client’s key points are regulated by the contract and, furthermore, to support the parties in finding creative solutions to any conflicts of interest. In doing this, M&A lawyers use reference works providing templates or legal explanations as tools far less than they utilize their experience from a great number of different transactions, knowledge of international deals and active collaboration with colleagues and consultants, in particular investment bankers and M&A advisers. In return, M&A practice has almost no influence on legislation or the development of the law by the judiciary.

Manfred Wenckstern, Kautelarpraxis und Erbrecht (Designing Last Wills and Inheritance Contracts)

The article describes in its first part the work of a German lawyer in the field of last wills and inheritance contracts. The practitioner’s work starts with a detailed determination of the legal, economic and social situation of the client as the point of departure. The second step consists in determining the aims of the client. Does he want to deviate from the rules of intestate succession? If yes, the lawyer has the task of translating these aims into legal concepts, i.e. legal clauses and terms of the last will. For guidance and help, a huge mass of German legal literature is available. Afterwards, the lawyer has, among other obligations, the task of explaining the chosen legal terms to the client using colloquial language.

In the second part the article deals with the creation of legal clauses and terms in four cases: The first case concerns the limitation of the binding effects of spouses’ interdependent joint wills. The second case treats the compulsory portion of children in the context of spouses’ joint wills: How can it be avoided that a child asks for his compulsory portion after the death of his first parent? The third case concerns the structure of a last will of parents whose child is physically and / or mentally disabled and therefore dependent on social welfare. These parents often have the aim of furthering their child on beyond the existing social welfare schemes. The social welfare authorities long tried to secure the estate as a compensation for their expenditures. However, the Federal Supreme Court (Bundesgerichtshof ) has in three judgments ruled that a carefully drafted and quite complicated last will in favour of a disabled child is not against public policy and therefore is to be accepted by the public authorities. The fourth case concerns the European Regulation on Inheritance Law. As early as two years before its entry into force, German authors published proposals suggesting new legal clauses.

Caroline S. Rupp, Gestaltungsspielraum für die Kautelarpraxis im Sachenrecht? – Beispiele aus dem Wohnungseigentumsrecht (Contractual Practice in Property Law –Examples from Condominium Law)

Property law is not an area of law commonly associated with party autonomy but rather with strict legal categorizations. Nevertheless, in some fields there is explicit permission or even a demand for the parties to determine and shape the property law aspects of their relationship. An example of this is condominium law: as a part of land law, it is ruled by the core property law principles – but the large diversity of practical needs and relationships within the community demand a high degree of individual contract design. After an overview of the basic concepts and structures of condominium law, this article explores the possibilities and limits of party autonomy regarding the basic property law notions of “ownership” and “things” in condominium law. The analysis of the various use rights shows that the options originally offered by positive law have been creatively developed and supplemented by contractual practice. Comparing the approaches of German and Swiss law, the legal treatment of parking spaces – a notorious issue in condominium law – is used to illustrate the points raised.

Wolfgang Wurmnest, Kautelarpraxis und Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen (Contractual Practice and Standard Contract Terms)

The article examines how standard contract terms as used in contractual practice have influenced the development of the law. It is structured in two parts. The first part summarises the function of general contract terms in today’s world and highlights the role of contract lawyers for the advancement of private and commercial law. The second part analyses in comparative perspective the interplay between contractual practice and the traditional forces shaping the law (legislators, courts and professors). It is demonstrated that, on the one hand, the legislature embraced some of the standards established by contractual practice, as for example newly developed types of contracts were later codified. On the other hand, the legislature had to react to eliminate unfair contract terms. It therefore first enacted isolated mandatory rules before establishing a set of general rules for identifying and prohibiting unfair contract terms. Within Europe, there are still significant differences as to the scope of these general rules, mainly with regard to the mechanism for the control of unfair terms in contracts between businesses. Once a full-fledged general set of rules is enacted by the legislature, the legal framework remains rather stable, as it is based to a large part on general clauses. These clauses must be applied and interpreted by the courts. Shaping the law of unfair contract terms by interpreting general clauses is the main task of judges today. Historically, however, it fell to the judges to advance the law of unfair contract terms as a reaction to standard clauses developed by contract lawyers. Many rules today enshrined in statutory form were developed by private law adjudication. Finally, the relationship of contractual practice and the academic world is discussed. Scholars mainly focus on the case law addressing unfair contractual terms. They advance the law by shaping the (European) foundations of unfair contract terms law, by systemising the case law and by diagnosing reforms to be effected by the courts or by the legislature.

ERA Summer course on cross-border insolvency proceedings

Trier, 11-13 June 2018

This intensive course on insolvency law will introduce lawyers to practical aspects of cross-border insolvency proceedings: different national insolvency laws, EU legislation and major CJEU case law will be presented.

The course will focus on the recast EU Regulation No 2015/848 on insolvency proceedings, including the following key topics:

• Centre of main interest (COMI) and forum shopping
• Coordination of proceedings
• Insolvency, cross-border security and rights in rem

Following an introduction to different insolvency law systems within the EU, participants will discuss the recent proposal for a Directive on insolvency and post-Brexit implications for insolvency and restructuring. Participants will be able to deepen their knowledge through case studies and workshops.

Cross-border civil litigation: summer course

Trier, 2-6 July 2018

“How do I recover money owed to me by my business partner residing abroad?” This is a problem that many companies and individuals are facing nowadays. The ERA summer course will provide you with answers. Get to know Brussels Ia, Rome I, Rome II, the European Account Preservation Order, the European Enforcement Order, the European Payment Order, the Small Claims Regulation, the Regulation on service of documents and taking of evidence, and the EU framework on mediation, ADR & ODR – and find out which path best to take!

You will learn:

• …which court is competent to hear your case
• …how to serve a judicial document
• …how to take evidence abroad
• …to advice on how to enforce a judgment abroad
• …to apply the recent CJEU case law in the field
• …which way to choose to recover money owed to your client
• …to provide guidance on how to efficiently freeze monies in foreign bank accounts
• …how to best apply the Rome I & II Regulations
• …what is the added value of ADR & mediation

 

This course will provide you with hands-on experience on cross-border civil litigation cases and the recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice. All relevant EU instruments will be presented and analysed, both by way of lectures and case studies. You will profit from daily workshops where active participation is encouraged.

 

 

The Societas – Central and Eastern European Company Law Research Network organised a comparative law conference on October 20, 2017 on the interesting and complex issue of arbitrability in company law disputes (see our previous post here). The geographical area covered was Central and Eastern Europe. The conference, part of a broader research project, was hosted by the Law Department of the Sapientia University, in the multicultural city of Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár, Klausenburg), Romania. At the conference, comparative and national reports were presented, which reflect very different attitudes towards arbitrability in the context of company law litigation. Now, the conference volume has just been released: Arbitrability of Company Law Disputes in Central and Eastern Europe, ed. by Em?d Veress; Cluj-Napoca, Forum Iuris, 2018; ISBN 978-606-94372-3-0. In addition, Professor Csongor István Nagy from the University of Szeged (Hungary) has published the introductory chapter authored by him on SSRN here.

For background to this week’s SCOTUS ruling in  Jesner v Arab Bank see my earlier posting. Bastian Brunk has early reflection here, with good summary of the Court’s majority (as well as dissenting) opinion.

Human rights litigation under ATS is not dead. Yet it is clear it is not going to be routine, either. I find the judgment not surprising. While one could certainly from a political point of view bemoan that ATS is not providing the avenue to hold corporate excess to account,  SCOTUS have a point when

• they emphasise the foreign policy intentions of the ATS when it was originally drafted. Hence the need not to ignore the same foreign policy implications 2 centuries on. Hence also my stance on JASTA.
• they highlight the continuing de lega lata situation on corporate culpability under international law: the default position remains that corporations are not subjects of public international law. Yes there are hard-core exceptions – and these may be further developing. And yes, plenty over the past 20 years have tried to  change that status quo. Finally the Court could have flagged more of those attempts that raise serious doubt over the position. However it is hardly the role of the US Supreme Court single-handedly to force the hand of the league of nations.
• separation of powers in the US, too, demands Congress intervene should it want the Statute’s causes of action to be broadened.

All in all a ruling very much in Montesquieu’s spirit. Students of public international law in particular should read the judgment with care: there is plenty in there to chew over.

Geert.

(Handbook of) EU Private international law, 2nd ed. 2016, Chapter 8, Heading 8.2.

Positive harmonisation follow-up ia to Polbud – my review of which here https://bit.ly/2Jyxzob

Corporate Finance Lab

Yesterday, the European Commission launched two proposals for new rules on the cross-border mobility and digital registration of companies. The rules are intended to make it easier for companies to merge, divide or move within the European Union, as well as to prevent social dumping, tax evasion and other forms of abuse.

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Messi Cuccittini / EUIPO - J-M.-E.V. e hijos (MESSI)
Propriété intellectuelle et industrielle
Lionel Messi peut enregistrer sa marque « MESSI » pour des articles et des vêtements de sport

ANGED
Liberté d'établissement
Les impôts régionaux qui grèvent en Espagne les grands établissements commerciaux sont compatibles avec le droit de l’Union

 

A new book considering the private international law aspects of China’s One Belt One Road Initiative will be out in early June. The publisher’s blurb is below.

China’s One Belt One Road Initiative and Private International Law will soon be released by Routledge. It is available for pre-ordering now at https://www.routledge.com/Chinas-One-Belt-One-Road-Initiative-and-Private-International-Law/Sooksripaisarnkit-Garimella/p/book/9781138563827

Edited by Dr Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit, of the Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, and Dr Sai Ramani Garimella, of the South Asian University, the book explores possible challenges to the success of the OBOR arising from the situational interface of diversity of laws, with the focus primarily on issues associated with private international law. It shows the latest state of knowledge on the topic and will be of interest to researchers, academics, policymakers, and students interested in private international law issues pertaining to the OBOR routes as well as private international law in general, Asian studies, and politics of international trade.

Contributors include:

Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit – Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania
Yujun Guo and Pengyuan Fu – Wuhan University
Man Yip – Singapore Management University
Sai Ramani Garimella – South Asian University
Ivana Kunda – University of Rijeka
Zhengxin Huo – China University of Political Science and Law
Bruno Zeller – University of Western Australia
Kittiwat Chunchaemsai – Thammasat University
Thomas John – Hague Conference on Private International Law
Rishi Gulati – Victorian Bar, Australia
King Fung Tsang – The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Beligh Elbati – Osaka University
Banu Bozkurt – Akdeniz University

On 10 July 2018, a seminar on the establishment of international business courts in five Member States. will be held in Rotterdam. It is jointly organized by Erasmus, the MPI Luxembourg and Utrecht University, will be held in Rotterdam We will discuss these initiatives, in particular the novelties in the court administration and the procedural rules, exchange views on the possible impact on international commercial and complex litigation, and reflect on the challenges ahead. Eminent speakers from the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Belgium will shed their light on these new courts and existing practices. The seminar will bring together practitioners, academics, business representatives and policy makers from different countries.

The organizers warmly invite you to attend! Please find the link to the full outline, the program, and registration here. We look forward to welcoming you in Rotterdam and to exchange views with you.

The seminar is organised by Erasmus School of Law under the ERC project ‘Building EU Civil Justice’ (Erasmus University Rotterdam), the Max Planck Institute for Procedural Law Luxembourg (Burkhard Hess), and the Montaigne Centre for Rule of Law and Administration of Justice of Utrecht University (Eddy Bauw).

Bastian Brunk, research assistant and doctoral student at the Institute for Comparative and Private International Law at the University of Freiburg (Germany), has provided us with the following summary of the eagerly awaited decision in Jesner v Arab Bank.

On April 24, the Supreme Court of the United States released its decision in Jesner v Arab Bank (available here; see also the pre-decision analysis by Hannah Dittmers linked here and first thoughts after the decision of Amy Howe here) and, in a 5:4 majority vote, shut the door that it had left ajar in its Kiobel decision. Both cases are concerned with the question whether private corporations may be sued under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS). In Kiobel, the Court rejected the application of the ATS to so-called foreign-cubed cases (cases in which a foreign plaintiff sues a foreign defendant for acts committed outside the territory of the US), but left the door open for cases that touch and concern the territory of the US (see also the early analysis of Kiobel by Trey Childress here). In Jesner v. Arab Bank, the majority now held that – in any case – “foreign corporations may not be defendants in suits brought under the ATS” (p. 27).

The respondent in the present case, Arab Bank, PLC, a Jordanian financial institution, was accused of facilitating acts of terrorism by maintaining bank accounts for jihadist groups in the Middle East and allowing the accounts to be used to compensate the families of suicide bombers. The petitioners further alleged that Arab Bank used its New York branch to clear its dollar-transactions via the so-called Clearing House Interbank Payment System (CHIPS) and that some of these transactions could have benefited terrorists. Finally, the petitioners accused Arab Bank of laundering money for a US-based charity foundation that is said to be affiliated with Hamas.

As in Kiobel, the facts of the case barely touch and concern the territory of the United States. The Court therefore held that “in this case, the activities of the defendant corporation and the alleged actions of its employees have insufficient connections to the United States to subject it to jurisdiction under the ATS” (p. 11). However, in order to overcome the divided opinions between the Courts of Appeals and to provide for legal certainty, the Supreme Court decided to answer the question of corporate liability under the ATS, but limited its answer to the applicability of the ATS to foreign corporations only. Justice Kennedy, who delivered the opinion of the majority vote, therefore based his reasoning on a cascade of three major arguments that rely on the precedents in Sosa and Kiobel.

First, the Court referred to the historic objective of the ATS, which was enacted “to avoid foreign entanglements by ensuring the availability of a federal forum where the failure to provide one might cause another nation to hold the United States responsible for an injury to a foreign citizen” (p. 8 f.). Thus, the goal of the Statute’s adoption was to avoid disturbances in foreign relations and not to create them by alienating other countries. This was the main concern with the present case “that already ha[d] caused significant diplomatic tensions with Jordan for more than a decade” (p. 11).

Second, the Court emphasized the “strictly jurisdictional” character of the ATS and asked for a proper cause of action to impose liability on corporations in accordance with the test established in the Sosa-decision. The Sosa-test allows for the recognition of a cause of action for claims based on international law (p. 10), but requires the international legal provision to be “specific, universal and obligatory” (p. 11 f.). The majority concluded that it could not recognize such a norm as almost every relevant international law statute (e.g. the Rome Statute and the statutes of the ICTY and the ICTR) excludes corporations from its jurisdictional reach and, accordingly, limits its scope of application to individuals.

Thirdly, even if there was a legal provision justifying corporate liability in international law, the Supreme Court found that US courts should refrain from applying it without any explicit authorization from Congress. In this way, the Supreme Court upheld the separation-of-powers doctrine stating that it is the task of the legislature, not the judiciary, to create new private rights of action, especially when these pose a threat to foreign relations. From this reasoning, courts are required to “exercise ‘great caution’ before recognizing new forms of liability under the ATS” (p. 19). In doing so, courts should not create causes of action out of thin air but by analogous application of existing (and therefore Congress-approved) laws. However, neither the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA) nor the Anti-Terrorism Act (as the most analogous statutes) are applicable because the former limits liability to individuals whereas the latter provides a cause of actions to US-citizens only (thus being irreconcilable with the ATS, which is available only for claims brought by “an alien”; see p. 20-22).

Justice Sotomayor, who wrote a 34-page dissent, criticized the majority for absolving “corporations from responsibility under the ATS for conscience-shocking behavior” and argues that “[t]he text, history, and purpose of the ATS, as well as the long and consistent history of corporate liability in tort, confirm that tort claims for law-of-nations violations may be brought against corporations under the ATS” (Sotomayor, p. 1). However, the dissenting opinion could not prevail over the conservative majority.

Thus, for now, Jesner v Arab Bank has rendered human rights litigation against foreign corporations before US courts impossible. However, in contrast to this post’s title, the decision is not necessarily the end of the US human rights litigation. The ATS is still applicable if the defending corporation has its seat in the territory of the US. Moreover, the Court emphatically calls upon Congress to provide for legislative guidance. “If Congress and the Executive were to determine that corporations should be liable for violations of international law, that decision would have special power and force because it would be made by the branches most immediately responsive to, and accountable to, the electorate” (p. 27 f.). It remains to be seen whether Congress answers this call.

By the Permanent Bureau of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH)

DIPLOMAT LAWYER ((FIRST) SECRETARY) with the following qualifications:

• Outstanding academic record and expertise in private international law (PIL);
• Common-law trained, with good comparative law background, including in the field of PIL
• Good knowledge of Hague Conventions (and other Hague instruments), including in the areas of Family Law and related Hague Children’s Conventions
• Good knowledge of public international law including the law of treaties; experience in international negotiations is desirable;
• Excellent drafting capabilities (dissertation and / or Ph.D., law review or other publication experience will be taken into account);
• 13-15 years of relevant post-qualification experience in academia, law practice, domestic administration, and/or in an intergovernmental organisation;
• Complete fluency both spoken and written, in at least one of the working languages of the Conference (French or English), with preference given to candidates who also have a strong working knowledge of the other official language;
• Applications from qualified female candidates are particularly welcomed;
• Candidates from outside Europe are especially encouraged to apply.

The selected candidate will reinforce the team at the Permanent Bureau; his or her portfolio will include several Conventions and may include ongoing legislative projects. He or she will be part of the senior management team and assure a good, co-operative working atmosphere, conducive to team work and efficient communications, both within the Permanent Bureau and in relations with representatives of States and Organisations (respect of the Permanent Bureau’s core values is essential). The selected candidate will represent the HCCH in dealings with Members as well as other stakeholders and interested parties. He or she will also be expected to assist with the administration of the Permanent Bureau.

The position requires frequent travel to both neighbouring and distant countries.

Type of appointment and duration: three-year contract (with a one-year probationary period), possibility for renewal (medical clearance required).

Grade (Co-ordinated Organisations scale for the Netherlands): +/- A4/A5 subject to relevant experience. Secretarial status granted according to the Statute of the Hague Conference and Diplomatic status, with the relevant privileges and immunities, according to the agreements of the Hague Conference with the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Deadline for applications: 26 May 2018

Anticipated starting date: September/October 2018

Applications: written applications should be sent by e-mail, with Curriculum Vitae, letter of motivation and contact information for at least two references, to be addressed to the Secretary General, e-mail: applications@hcch.nl.

In view of the terms of the Statute of the HCCH according to which diversity of geographic representation and of legal expertise shall be taken into account, candidates should preferably not have (exclusively) Swiss, Canadian or Portuguese nationality.

The short-listed candidates whose applications are retained will be invited to an interview with a Selection Committee which will include the Chairman of the Netherlands Standing Government Committee, the Chairman of the Council on General Affairs and Policy, and Members of the Permanent Bureau. They may also be invited to take part in an external professional assessment.

The Permanent Bureau reserves the right not to make any appointment to this vacancy, to make an appointment at a lower grade, or to make an appointment with a modified job description.

Senetic / EUIPO - HP Hewlett Packard Group (hp)
Propriété intellectuelle et industrielle
Hewlett Packard peut enregistrer les lettres HP comme marque de l’Union

Caisse régionale de crédit agricole mutuel Alpes Provence / BCE
Politique économique
Le Tribunal de l’UE déclare qu’une même personne ne peut pas occuper à la fois le poste de président du conseil d’administration et de « dirigeant effectif » dans les établissements de crédit soumis à la surveillance prudentielle

MP
Espace de liberté, sécurité et justice
Une victime de tortures passées dans son pays d’origine peut bénéficier de la « protection subsidiaire » si elle encourt un risque réel de privation intentionnelle de soins adaptés à son état de santé physique ou mentale dans ce pays