Flux européens

Cavanagh J (unusually assisted by Brown J, who has extensive experience in cost orders) last week in Thomas & Ors v PGI Group Ltd [2021] EWHC 2776 (QB) refused to grant a ‘Capped Cost Order’ or CCO (these also exist for judicial review proceedings and in arbitration). This application for a CCO was reportedly the first made under CPR 3.19.

In the case, brought before Brexit date under Article 4 Brussels Ia, a group of Malawi claimants are suing tea company Lujeri’s English parent company PGI alleging complicity in exploitation and abuse, including sexual abuse.  Claimants allege the Defendant owed a duty of care to them on the basis that it promulgated relevant policies, standards and guidelines, that it exercised supervision and control over Lujeri, and/or that it held itself out as exercising such supervision and control. The Claimants further allege that the Defendant breached that duty of care and that they suffered loss and damage as a result.

English proceedings against Lujeri were dropped following claimants’ admission that they were unlikely to meet a jurisdiction challenge against same on the basis of Malawi being the natural forum for that claim [14]. The defendant does not resist A4 jurisdiction, acknowledges the UK is the natural forum for the claims against it, that there is no abuse of process (neither in my view have any place in A4 jurisdiction) and that the case is at least arguable.

Had the CCO been granted, it would have the effect of limiting the future costs recoverable by the Claimants, should they ultimately be successful, to £150,000 (or thereabouts). It would not impact the recoverable costs of the defendants if they are successful, although [25] they are unlikely to be able to recover any. As the judge notes [13] even if the core claim is successful, compensation will be far below parties’ legal costs in the case. The non-financial, ‘vindication’ [13] objectives are more important.

Despite defendants’ acknowledgment that a jurisdiction challenge is effectively impossible under A4 (A33-34 do not seem engaged), their arguments for a CCO [28 ff] are forum non via the backdoor:

Whilst not disputing that the Claimants are entitled to bring these proceedings against the Defendant in England, the Defendant submits that it is still open to the Claimants to bring proceedings in Malawi against Lujeri, their former, or, in some cases, their current, employer, and, indeed, against the Defendant. The Defendant submits that it would be more appropriate for the Claimants to bring their claims against Lujeri, in Malawi, especially as such claims would be advanced on the simple and straightforward basis of vicarious liability, rather than on the basis of a more complicated claim against the UK-domiciled parent company.

At 43 claimants make the obvious point that this is a ‘(lightly) disguised attempt to strike out these proceedings on the basis that they are an abuse of process, or that England is a forum non conveniens’.

At 72 the judge holds that claimants are right that it would not be appropriate, having regard to the CPR required principle of proportionality [‘the overriding objective [of the CCO, GAVC] of enabling the court to deal with cases justly and at proportionate cost’] to cap the costs at a figure that is less than the minimum costs that are required for them to litigate their claims effectively in the High Court. Costs in other words cannot be disproportionately incurred if they are below the amount that is required by the party to litigate its claims effectively, unless [74] parties’ costs are out of proportion to the potential benefits to the Claimant of the litigation’ – quod non in casu: [79]: ‘The sums that are likely to be recoverable, though small by English standards, are very significant for poor Malawian plantation workers, and they may indeed be life-changing. I accept the Claimants’ submission that in any event, the Claimants’ objectives in bringing these proceedings are not entirely, or even principally, about money.’

At 82-83 the resurrected forum non arguments feature again,  with the judge holding

In any event, in the present case, one of the parties, the Defendant, is domiciled in England. It is a matter of public importance in this country whether a company that is domiciled here is in breach of a duty of care to workers on plantations in Malawi, owned by a subsidiary company. CPR 44.3(5)(e) states that the extent to which a claim is in the public interest is a matter to be taken into account when considering proportionality.

That is an important consideration for future CCOs, outside the Brussels Ia context and indeed an argument that would feed into an A33-34 analysis, too.

At 91 ff the judge reinforces his findings on the basis of access to justice:

‘I think that it is highly significant, in this regard, that the imposition of a CCO would almost certainly have the effect of forcing the Claimants to abandon their claims…

this is not a case in which a wealthy Claimant is deliberately pursuing a low-value claim, at great expense, in order to harass the Defendant, or to cause as much unnecessary cost to the Defendant as possible. Rather, this is a case in which extremely poor Claimants are pursuing a relatively low-value claim for a number of legitimate reasons, only one of which is the prospect of damages.

This is an important finding, both under A4 Brussels Ia and beyond it, under residual English conflicts rules.

Geert.

European Private International Law, 3rd ed. 2021, Chapter 7.

1/2 Thomas & Ors v PGI [2021] EWHC 2776 (QB)
Important judgment for #bizhumanrights #csr litigation
Failed application for Capped Cost Order CCO
Judge holds ia that it would not be in the interest of justice to award corporate defendant CCO which would effectively halt… pic.twitter.com/ZAbXSJ6ea3

— Geert Van Calster (@GAVClaw) October 25, 2021

On 5 October 2021, Indonesia acceded to the Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents. It will enter into force for Indonesia on 4 June 2022.

Source : https://www.hcch.net/en/news-archive/details/?varevent=825

The Hague Special Commission on the practical operation of the Apostille Convention met from 5 to 8 October 2021. Its Conclusions & Recommendations are available at https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b7b20030-6229-459f-b26b-e9185bf6fffc.pdf

Extract (example) : « the PB is not appropriately placed to establish a digital certificate authority and reiterating the importance of technology neutrality and maintaining flexibility for all Contracting Parties, the SC recognised the good practice of using digital certificates with high standards, that are well-recognised and frequently used, and invited Contracting Parties to inform the PB about the certificate technology used to issue e-Apostilles. […] The SC recalled the fundamental principle that, irrespective of format, an Apostille validly issued by one Contracting Party in accordance with the Convention must be accepted by all other Contracting Parties for which the Convention is in force. In this spirit, it encouraged Contracting Parties to take active steps to ensure the acceptance of incoming e-Apostilles ».

« From 28 to 30 September 2021, the Working Group on Preventing and Addressing Illicit Practices in Intercountry Adoption met [to discuss] a Toolkit aimed at preventing and addressing illicit practices in intercountry adoptions made under the 1993 Adoption Convention ».

The Aide-mémoire of the Group is available https://assets.hcch.net/docs/43cf175b-1c27-4a90-8be7-7a87b8412665.pdf (Annex I)

Source : https://www.hcch.net/en/news-archive/details/?varevent=823

Okrazhna prokuratura - Varna
Espace de liberté, sécurité et justice
La Cour précise certaines dispositions de la directive relative au gel et à la confiscation des instruments et des produits du crime dans l’Union européenne

Polskie Linie Lotnicze "LOT" / Commission
Concurrence
Le Tribunal rejette les recours de la compagnie aérienne Polskie Linie Lotnicze « LOT » à l’encontre des décisions de la Commission autorisant les concentrations portant sur l’acquisition respectivement par easyJet et par Lufthansa de certains actifs du groupe Air Berlin

I reviewed the AG’s Opinion in C-269/20 Commerzbank here. The CJEU held a few weeks back, rejecting the AG’s main proposal and instead following him on the subsidiary argument. For the consumer section, it suffices the international element surfaces only after the contract has been concluded, provided of course the contract at issue meets with the Pammer Alpenhof criteria: the business concerned need not necessarily actively pursue a commercial activity in the State in which the consumer is now domiciled, yet its organisation of operations and marketing is such as to meet the ‘directed at’ criteria of the consumer section.

It is to be assumed that the Court’s flexible interpretation (with reliance to a large degree on mBank) of the international element to this far-reaching extent, only applies given the protective intent of Lugano’s (and Brussels Ia’s) consumer, potentially employees’ and insurance title.

Geert.

EU Private International Law, 3rd ed. 2021, 2.222 ff.

Aldricus – Rambut lepek dan tidak bervolume merupakan masalah kebanyakan perempuan yang berhijab. Kondisi ini terjadi karena kurangnya perawatan atau perawatan yang tidak tepat pada rambut. Bagi Anda yang berhijab, Anda harus tahu cara membuat rambut bervolume dan tidak lepek.

Terlebih lagi kita ini tinggal di negara tropis yang mana membuat kita mudah berkeringat. JIka tidak cepat diatasi, masalah ini bisa mengurangi semangat dan rasa percaya diri Anda.

Cara Membuat Rambut Bervolume

Untuk membua rambut Anda menjadi lebat dan bervolume, ada beberapa cara yang bisa lakukan. Apa saja itu? Silahkan simak daftar caranya berikut ini:

1. Konsumsi Makanan Berprotein

Cara pertama adalah dengan mengonsumsi makanan yang mengandung banyak protein dan antioksidan. Alasannya karena rambut membutuhkan protein yang juga disebut dengan nama keratin. Jika rambut kekurangan protein, rambut menjadi mudah rontok dan menipis.

2. Keringkan Rambut Sebelum Berhijab

Rambut yang lepek karena hijab bisa Anda atasi dengan memastikan rambut sudah  kering sebelum memakainya. Rambut yang basah dan langsung menggunakan hijab akan membuat rambut cepat rusak. Anda bisa menepuk halus rambut dengan handuk atau diangin-anginkan supaya cepat kering.

3. Ubah Belahan Rambut

Selain membuat tampilan Anda menjadi lebih fresh, mengubah belahan rambut juga bisa membuat volume rambut Anda bertambah. Jadi silahkan Anda  ubah arah belahan rambut saat kondisinya masih basah atau setelah keramas, setelah itu keringkan secara alami.

4. Longgarkan Ikatan Rambut

Mengikat rambut terlalu kencang bisa menyebabkan maslah, salah satunya adalah membuat rambut lepek. Selain itu, hindari mengikat menggunakan karet gelang karena rambut bisa rusak akibat gesekan. Sebaiknya ikat rambut dengan bahan kain, jangan lupa untuk melepas ikatan ketika sedang tidak berhijab.

5. Jangan Gunakan Hijab Bertumpuk

Hijab dengan bahan katun biasanya mempunyai pori-pori yang bisa memperlancar udara yang masuk ke rambut. Jadi cara untuk membuat rambut bervolume adalah dengan menghidari penggunaan hijab model bertumpuk supaya kulit kepala tidak mudah berkeringan dan lepek.

6. Gunakan Shampo yang Tepat

Cara terakhir untuk membuat rambut bervolume adalah dengan menggunakan produk yang tepat. Beberapa produk yang bisa Anda gunakan adalah Sunsilk Hijab Refresh & Volume yang bisa membuat rambut Anda mengembang dan tidak lepek.

Demikianlah beberapa tips cara untuk membuat rambut bervolume, semoga bermanfaat.

The post 6 Cara Membuat Rambut Bervolume dan Tidak Lepek appeared first on Aldri Blog.

Aldricus – Pernahkah Anda mendengar tentang scoliosis? Sebelum membahas tentang penanganan scoliosis terbaik, ada bagusnya jika Anda mengenal lebih dulu apa itu scoliosis. Scoliosis merupakan salah satu gangguan pada tulang belakang. Rangka tubuh atau tulang belakang mengalami kelengkungan.

Hal tersebut kerap dikenal dengan scoliosis. Gangguan ini bisa menyerang anak-anak maupun orang dewasa. Kondisi scoliosis parah biasanya memiliki kurva kelengkungan hingga 40 derajat. Ada banyak sekali sebenarnya penanganan yang bisa dilakukan untuk scoliosis.

Penanganan Scoliosis

Seperti yang sekilas dijelaskan di atas, ada beberapa macam cara untuk menangani scoliosis. Berbagai macam cara ini bisa diaplikasikan sesuai dengan tingkat scoliosis yang dialami. Berikut di bawah ini beberapa cara penanganannya:

1. Observasi

 Hal pertama yang harus dilakukan adalah observasi atau proses melihat dan menunggu. Biasanya hal ini dilakukan untuk anak-anak yang terserang scoliosis. Tahap ini dilakukan untuk melihat apakah scoliosis bertumbuh dengan sangat cepat dan parah.

Pada proses ini, harus dilihat bagaimana lengkungan dan perkembangan yang terjadi pada scoliosis. Jika dirasa lengkungannya parah, maka harus ditindak lanjuti dengan cara tepat.

2. Terapi/Latihan Fisik

 Proses penanganan selanjutnya adalah melakukan terapi atau latihan fisik. Tahap ini dilakukan apabila scoliosis yang terjadi, lengkungannya belum parah arau masih bisa diperbaiki tanpa operasi. Tahapan ini biasanya ditangani oleh dokter yang ahli di bidang terapi scoliosis.

Pada tahap ini, Anda akan dikenalkan dengan berbagai pendekatan terapi agar posisi tulang belakang bisa kembali normal. Biasanya hal ini menggunakan alat khusus.

3. Bracing

 Salah satu cara penanganan scoliosis yang cukup populer adalah bracing. Bracing sendiri adalah alat khusus yang dipasang pada bagian tulang belakang.

Bracing ini juga ada beragam, ada yang lunak, dinamis, kaku, hingga yang korektif. Untuk penggunaan bracing ini, Anda bisa langsung konsultasikan pada dokter terpercaya yang ahli dalam bidang ini.

4. Pembedahan

 Scoliosis memang bisa disembuhkan tanpa operasi bedah. Namun hal ini juga tergantung pada kondisi keparahan scoliosis. Jika scoliosis yang dialami sudah sangat parah hingga menimbulkan ketidak seimbangan tulang, maka operasi bedah perlu dilakukan.

Pada beberapa kasus, scoliosis yang menyerang anak-anak, tumbuh lebih cepat. Sehingga akan sangat bahaya jika hanya dibiarkan. Operasi bedah bisa menjadi salah satu alternatif terbaik.

5. Pengobatan Komplementer

 Pada dasarnya, tidak ada berbagai jenis obat yang bisa dikonsumsi untuk menyembuhkan scoliosis. Namun pengobatan komplementer ini hanya berlaku sebagai pelengkap dari terapi penyembuhan. Penggunaannya juga tidak bisa dilakukan secara terus menerus, alias ada batasan.

5 cara penanganan scoliosis di atas bisa jadi acuan untuk Anda yang sedang menderita atau memiliki keluarga yang menderita scoliosis. Mulai dari cara yang ringan hingga cara berat seperti pembedahan, semua bergantung pada tingkat keparahan scoliosis itu sendiri. Pastikan Anda memilih cara yang tepat.

The post Scoliosis dan Penanganannya appeared first on Aldri Blog.

Élection des présidents des chambres à trois juges de la Cour de justice

As I noted when I signalled the reference, the French Supreme Court in C-251/20 GtFlix has not referred the question whether Bolagsupplysningen is good authority for acts of unfair competition between competitors. Rather, it queries whether Bolagsupplysningen means that a claimant who requests both rectification /retraction and damages, has to necessarily turn to courts with full jurisdiction or whether they can continue to turn for the damages part, to all courts with locus damni jurisdiction.

Hogan AG in his Opinion a few weeks ago right up to (94) revisits the wisdom of applying Shevill’s Handlungsort/Erfolgort distinction and the possibility of using GtFlix to overturn. I agree that this is not the case to do it. (On the CJEU and overturning its authority, see excellently the departing Bobek AG in C‑205/20).

At 95 he then essentially requalifies and answers the question which the SC had not referred. The action at the French courts is one in dénigrement, which is a form of malicious falsehood which, the AG suggests, does not call into question the Bolagsupplysningen line of cases but rather Tibor Trans and the cases before it.

An action relating to an infringement of unfair competition law may be brought before the courts of any Member State where that act caused or may cause damage within the jurisdiction of the court seised. Where the market affected by the anticompetitive conduct is in the Member State on whose territory the alleged damage is purported to have occurred, that Member State must be regarded as the place where the damage occurred for the purposes of applying Article 7(2) (99).  A final reference at (102) ff is to the applicable law level under (Article 6) Rome II. 

Should the CJEU follow, one of the left-over questions following Bolagsupplysningen will not be answered, yet another issue on falsehoods spread between competitors, will.

Geert.

(Handbook of) European private international law, 2nd ed. 2016, Chapter 2, Heading 2.2.11.2

Élection d’un président de chambre du Tribunal de l’Union européenne

Élection des présidents des chambres à cinq juges de la Cour de justice

M. Maciej Szpunar est élu premier avocat général de la Cour de justice

M. Lars Bay Larsen est élu vice-président de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne

M. Koen Lenaerts est réélu président de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne

Aldricus – Hal penting yang perlu kalian ketahui jika ingin melakukan impor barang dari luar negri adalah menentukan pemasok diluar negri atas dasar apa kalian membayar barang dengan harga sejumlah tersebut. Jika kalian melakukan impor barang dari Korea maka kalian bisa memilih jasa kirim barang terpercaya agar kalian tidak kena tipu saat melakukan pembelian barang impor. Oleh karena itu, penting bagi kalian untuk mengetahui prosedur impro barang yang ada di Indonesia sebelum melakukan pemesanan barang dari luar negriagar sesuai dengan yang ada di Indonesia.

Cara mudah impor barang dari korea

Ada beberapa cara yang bisa kalian lakukan untuk melakukan impor dari Korea. Cara impor ini bisa dilakukan lebih mudah jika kalian mengajak perusahaan penyedia jasa impor yang ada. Selain itu, kalian juga perlu menyiapkan dokumen barang yang masuk ke Indonesia sehingga tidak dicurigai sebagai barang gelap. Setelah memahami prosedur pengiriman maka hal lain yang perlu kalian lakukan adalah dengan menentukan sistem transaksi yang digunakan. Dalam bisnis ekspor impor, setidaknya ada beberapa istilah yang wajib kalian ketahui seperti FOB, CIF, DDP, FAS, dan lain sebagainya.

Setelah itu selesai, impor barang dari Korea bisa kalian lakukan dengan memilih jasa pengiriman yang tepat. Ada banyak sekali jasa impor barang dari Korea dan umumnya ada 3 cara impor barang yang bisa dilakukan yaitu melalui darat, laut, atau udara. Semua ini bisa dilakukan dan akan mempengaruhi estimasi waktu dan biaya yang harus dikeluarkan dan tentu pengiriman barang melalui laut bisa memakan waktu yang lebih lama dibandingkan dengan udara.  Jika kalian bingung saat melakukan pemilihan jasa pengiriman barang, kalian bisa mengunjungi kami di kilo.id yang merupakan salah satu jasa pengiriman barang di Korea yang paling murah tanpa tambahan biaya untuk kurir dan mampu mengirimkan barang lebih cepat aman, dan terjamin tiba tepat waktu.

Sistem perhitungan impor barang dari Korea

Sebenarnya, peritungan barang pengiriman tidaklah berbeda dengan pengiriman barang lokal. Akan tetapi, penteing bagi kalian untuk mengetahui rumus perhitungan volume untuk mengetahui berat volumentrik ekspedisi internasional. Tentu saja rumusnya adalah panjang x lebar x tinggi : 5000. Semisal kalian memiliki berat barang aktual 50 kg, maka berat volumentrik 40 kg, breat aktual 50 kg lah yang dijadikan dasar biaya kirim. Oleh karena itu, kalian perlu memikirkan hal tersebut sehingga bisa mengurangi biaya kirim paket dari Korea.

Ada banyak keunguglan yang bisa kalian dapatkan di Kilo.Id karena mereka mampu impor barang dari Korea dengan cepat. Hal itu bukan hanya janji pengiriman saja karena memang cukup cepat. Tidak sampai disitu karena disini kalian juga akan lebih mudah saat mengirimkan barang dan lebih m urah serta efisien.

The post Tips Mudah Impor Barang Dari Korea appeared first on Aldri Blog.

The CJEU yesterday held in C-581/20 Toto. I discussed the AG’s Opinion earlier. Gilles Cuniberti in his analysis engages critically with the Court’s replies to the interim measures issues, Krzysztof Pacula’s review looks at the other questions asked, too. All in all, the Court’s engagement with the issues is under par. 

The CJEU first of all holds that despite the instrument of public procurement, the case does not involve acta iure imperii (and notes [42] that the current procedure has been brought entirely under ordinary civil procedure rules). This is simply an ordinary spat between contracting parties on the exercise of a straightforward construction contract. With reference to Rina and in particular Supreme Site Services, the Court [45] confirms that lex fori rules on immunity do not as such exclude the qualification of ‘civil and commercial’. As we have already experienced in the final, national judgment in Kuhn, the CJEU’s approach to see immunity, closely linked to public international law, distinct from the private international law notion of ‘civil and commercial’, quickly becomes nugatory in litigation practice. Neither does that approach answer the referring court’s question whether if the matter does fall within Brussels Ia, the ordinarily applicable Bulgarian rule that no such relief may be ordered against public authorities, must be set aside.

On the issue of provisional measures, the AG saw a plausible way forward by  a fairly standard application of the lis pendens rules (A29 ff) and by assessing the definitiveness of the measure and the impact of that assessment on the recognition, or not, of the decision of the court with subject-matter jurisdiction. The CJEU however merely emphasises the lack of formal hierarchy, in Brussels Ia, between the courts with subject-matter jurisdiction and those with jurisdiction for provisional measures. It concludes [60] that the latter are not bound to dismiss jurisdiction merely because a court with subject-matter jurisdiction has been either seized or has held in interim proceedings. It could certainly have found support in the Regulation’s intention to, and provisions designed for, avoid(ing) conflicting decisions.

Geert.

EU Private International law, 3rd ed 2021, 2.512ff, 2.550 ff, 5.584 ff.

Renouvellement partiel et entrée en fonctions de neuf nouveaux Membres de la Cour de justice

Commission / Pologne
Principes du droit communautaire
La vice-présidente de la Cour rejette la demande de la Pologne de rapporter l’ordonnance du 14 juillet 2021 qui exige la suspension immédiate de l’application de dispositions nationales relatives notamment aux compétences de la chambre disciplinaire de la Cour suprême