
Just 10 days left to participate in the public consultation on the Draft Text of a possible new HCCH convention on parallel proceedings and related actions!
The public consultation, launched on 18 November 2025, will close on 26 January 2026 at 9.00 a.m. CET. Experts, practitioners and judges from diverse legal traditions with experience in cross-border litigation and private international law more broadly are encouraged to participate in the consultation.
In 2021, the HCCH established a Working Group on matters related to jurisdiction in transnational civil or commercial litigation (WG), comprised of over 60 subject-matter experts from across the globe. The WG, after nine meetings, has developed a Draft Text containing provisions aimed at addressing parallel proceedings and related actions taking place in multiple States, acknowledging the primary roles of both jurisdictional rules and the doctrine of forum non conveniens. The objective of this future instrument would be to enhance legal certainty, predictability, and access to justice by reducing litigation costs and mitigating inconsistent judgments in transnational litigation in civil or commercial matters.
The public consultation seeks feedback on whether the Draft Text would, in practice, assist in addressing such matters and how the provisions in the Draft Text could be improved. The consultation is supported by a Consultation Paper comprising an Executive Summary, a detailed explanation of the key provisions and the operation of the Draft Text, and specific questions.
Responses received from this consultation will be submitted to all HCCH Members for consideration in advance of the next meeting of the Council on General Affairs and Policy (CGAP), the governing body of the HCCH, in March 2026, at which the Members of the HCCH will decide on the next steps for the project.
For more information on the public consultation, please visit: https://www.hcch.net/en/projects/legislative-projects/jurisdiction/public-consultation
This post is published by the Permanent Bureau of the Hague Conference of Private International Law (HCCH).
[If you do use the blog for research, practice submission or database purposes, citation would be appreciated, to the blog as a whole and /or to specific blog posts. Many have suggested I should turn the blog into a paid for, subscription service however I have resisted doing so. Proper reference to how the blog is useful to its readers, will help keeping this so.]
When I reviewed the AG’s Opinion in Case C‑77/24 [Wunner], I signalled my agreement with his view on the lex societatis carve-out in Rome I, yet disagreed with his findings on locus damni for purely economic loss.
The CJEU held yesterday and does follow the AG on both points.
On the lex societatis exception, it confirms [23] its Verein für Konsumenteninformation formulate, later also confirmed in Kerr: the exception “applies exclusively to the structural aspects of companies and other bodies, corporate or unincorporated”. It then [24] revisits BMA: only in instances where directors, auditors and the like have a non-contractual obligation for reasons specific to company law, is the carve-out engaged, not if the obligation is extraneous to company law. [30] An action seeking to establish liability on the part of the directors, owing to an alleged infringement of a general prohibition on offering online games of chance without holding a licence for that purpose is, the Court holds, not covered by the carve-out because such a legal action does not concern the relationship between a company and its directors. Like the AG, the Court finds support in Rome I Articles 15(a) and (g).
[41] the Court emphasises actual manifestation of the damage, per Vereniging van Effectenbezitters. In determining that place of actual manifestation, [43] (and seeking [42] support in CJEU Pinckney‘s “the place where the alleged damage occurred is liable to vary according to the nature of the right allegedly infringed and that a finding that damage has occurred in a particular Member State is subject to the requirement that the right in respect of which infringement is alleged is protected in that Member State”), the Court very much ties the locus damni assessment to the alleged infringement which grounds the accusation effectively of the claim in tort for breach of statutory obligation: here: “the damage alleged by [claimant] actually manifested itself when he participated, from Austria, in online games of chance offered in breach of a prohibition applicable in that Member State. In those circumstances, the damage must be regarded as having occurred in Austria.”
Austria is [44] also the place where the games are held to have taken place – essentially because in the Court’s view the internet nature of the game makes it all to difficult (“In the light of the very nature of online games of chance, which does not make it easy to situate them in a specific physical location”) to come to a proper location, hence “those games took place where the player is habitually resident.”
[47] “as regards the financial loss alleged to have been sustained on the player account specially created with a view to [claimant’s] participation in online games of chance, or on [claimant’s] personal bank account from which his player account was funded, it must be noted that that loss is only an indirect consequence of the alleged damage, which cannot be taken into account for the purpose of determining the law applicable under [A4(1) Rome II].”
I find all of this quite circular and, importantly, handing claimant a great way to manipulate locus damni hence applicable law by the choice of action aka by claim formulation.
Article 4(3)’s proper law of the tort analysis is left to the referring court, with a reminder that the exception must be interpreted restrictively.
Geert.
EU Private International Law, 4th ed 2024, 4.22 ff, 4.31 ff.
One of the requirements for issue estoppel is identity of issue. However, the process of ‘refining down’ or ‘salami-slicing’[1] is not always clear. The argument that the issue is different because the two courts would arrive at different conclusions on the governing law is increasingly being utilised as a litigation strategy. If the first court applied its choice of law rules to determine that the governing law of the claim is Utopian law, would an issue estoppel arise over this decision in the second court if under the second court’s choice of law rules, Ruritanian law is the governing law? The answer depends on whether the ‘slice’ is thick or thin. Is the relevant issue ‘What law governs the dispute or issue?’ or ‘What law is identified by our (forum) choice of law rules to govern the dispute or issue?’
For example, there is considerable difference in tort choice of law rules. Some jurisdictions apply the double actionability rule.[2] Most jurisdictions adopt the lex loci deliciti or lex loci damni rule,[3] with differences on how the relevant locus is identified and whether a flexible exception in favour of the law of closer connection is present. Party autonomy is also permitted in certain jurisdictions.[4] Thus, in tort claims, the issue could be framed in different ways: eg, ‘what is/are the law(s) governing the tort?’, ‘what is the lex loci delicti?’, ‘where in substance did the tort arise?’, or ‘where was direct damage suffered’? It will be obvious that only the first, broad, framing of the issue, or, in other words, a ‘thick’ slice, will result in there being identity of issue. In essence, the question is: does a difference in choice of law rules matter for issue estoppel purposes?
The Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal in First Laser v Fujian Enterprises (Holdings) Co Ltd[5] took the view that an issue estoppel can arise over a foreign decision on the governing law of the dispute. However, there is a suggestion in the Singaporean Court of Appeal decision of Gonzola Gil White v Oro Negro Drilling Pte Ltd that a difference in the two laws is relevant.[6] Arguably, the Court’s views were limited to the specific situation where the Singaporean court as the second court would have arrived at Singaporean law after application of Singaporean choice of law rules. This is because the Singaporean court views it as part of its constitutional responsibilities to safeguard the application of Singaporean law.[7] If this is correct, it is doubtful that the same approach would be adopted by at least the English courts, as English courts are prepared accord preclusive effect to a judgment of a foreign court even where that foreign court had made an error on English law in its judgment.[8]
The English Court of Appeal in Yukos Capital Sarl v OJSC Rosneft Oil Co (No 2)[9] held that no issue estoppel will arise over a question involving forum international public policy. This is entirely explicable as each country’s public policy differs. It has also been suggested that no estoppel arises over an issue which is subject to a forum overriding mandatory rule.[10] Decisions on sensitive matters which give rise to comity considerations should also be excluded.[11]
The question is whether decisions on the governing law merit the same treatment. It is argued that for most private law claims, a foreign decision on the governing law of the dispute or on a specific issue in the claim is generally capable to giving rise to an issue estoppel. A contrary conclusion would disregard the policies underlying estoppel and allow forum shopping. However, some choice of law categories – eg, choice of law for consumer contracts or employment contracts, or for environmental torts – are underpinned by public policy considerations. For these special choice of law categories, it is suggested that the forum court retains the prerogative to decide on the issue of the governing law for itself, despite a prior foreign decision on the same point. In other words, a narrow ‘slice’ is appropriate.
The same broad-narrow question arises in other contexts. It could arise in the jurisdictional context: would the first court’s decision on the applicability of the personal equities exception for the Mocambique rule give rise to an estoppel in subsequent proceedings in a different court? What about a decision on which court is forum (non) conveniens? How about arbitration, where the balance of competing considerations may lie differently compared to international litigation? For example, should an issue estoppel arise over a foreign decision on subject-matter arbitrability?[12] Is it relevant if the first court decided this issue at the pre-award stage or at the post-award stage pursuant to proceedings to enforce an arbitral award? Does it matter if the first court is the court of the seat?[13]
These, and other questions, are considered in the open access article Adeline Chong, ‘Salami-Slicing’ and Issue Estoppel: Foreign Decisions on the Governing Law’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly (FirstView).
[1] Desert Sun Loan v Hill [1996] 2 All ER 847, 859 (Evans LJ).
[2] Eg, Singapore: Rickshaw Investments Ltd v Nicolai Baron von Uexkull [2007] 1 SLR(R) 377 (Singapore
CA); Hong Kong: Xiamen Xinjingdi Group Co Ltd v Eton Properties Ltd [2020] 6 HKC 451; Japan: Act on General Rules for Application of Laws (Act No 78 of 2006), art 22.
[3] Eg, Rome II Reg, art 4(1).
[4] Eg Rome II Reg, art 14; Swiss Federal Code on Private International Law, art 132.
[5] [2013] 2 HKC 459 (HKCFA).
[6] [2024] 1 SLR 307 [87] (Singapore CA).
[7] Ibid [78]-[79].
[8] Good Challenger Navegante SA v MetalExportImport SA, (The “Good Challenger”) [2003] EWCA Civ 1668, [54]–[55]. See also Godard v Grey (1870) LR 6 QB 139.
[9] [2012] EWCA Civ 855.
[10] Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp v Merck KGaA [2021] 1 SLR 1102 [55] (Singapore CA).
[11] See the reference to ‘matters of high policy’ in Yukos [2012] EWCA Civ 855 [151].
[12] Diag Human SE v Czech Republic [2014] EWHC 1639 (Comm) [58].
[13] See The Republic of India v Deutsche Telekom AG [2024] 1 SLR 56 (Singapore CA).
Saisie d’un renvoi préjudiciel, la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne devait se prononcer sur l’interprétation des articles 6 et 7 de la directive 93/13/CEE du Conseil du 5 avril 1993 concernant les clauses abusives dans les contrats conclus avec les consommateurs. Par ces questions, le requérant demande à la Cour de justice si ces dispositions doivent être interprétées en ce qu’elles s’opposent à une réglementation nationale prévoyant la possibilité, pour le juge saisi par un professionnel d’une demande d’injonction de payer contre un consommateur de faire, à l’issue d’une procédure non contradictoire, une proposition de réduction du montant de la créance, qui exclut les montants résultant de l’application d’une clause contractuelle qu’il a considérée comme étant abusive, sans pouvoir constater la nullité de celle-ci, ainsi que la possibilité, pour le professionnel, après acceptation de cette proposition, d’introduire une autre procédure juridictionnelle afin de recouvrir, auprès du consommateur, le montant de la créance rejeté par le juge.
The 19th World Conference of the International Society of Family Law (ISFL) will take place in Istanbul, Türkiye, from 9 to 12 September 2026. The conference will be hosted by Pîrî Reis University at its Marine Campus in Tuzla, offering a distinctive coastal setting for this major event.
The theme of the conference is “Family Law & Vulnerability.”
The conference will explore how family law engages with different forms of vulnerability across diverse legal systems and social contexts. Contributions addressing the theme from comparative, interdisciplinary, theoretical or practice-oriented perspectives are welcomed.
The deadline for abstract submission has been extended to 20 February 2026. Abstracts may be submitted for paper presentations (including jointly authored papers) as well as for organized panels. Detailed submission guidelines are available on the conference website.
Conference registration will open in late February 2026. Registration fees for participation in the scientific program are as follows:
The early bird rates will apply until 1 May 2026. Registration fees cover access to the scientific sessions of the conference; social events will be subject to separate registration and fees.
The conference venue, Tuzla, is located on the Asian side of Istanbul and is conveniently close to Sabiha Gökçen International Airport, which serves numerous international and domestic flights. Tuzla is well connected to other parts of the city by public transport.
A list of recommended hotels on the Asian side of Istanbul will be published on the conference website in due course, providing a range of accommodation options with convenient access to the venue by public transport.
Further information on registration procedures, accommodation and the conference program will be made available on the official conference website: www.isfl2026.org.
Giacomo Marola’s International Jurisdiction over Infringements of Personality Rights in EU Private International Law (2025 Wolters Kluwer) addresses a deceptively simple but persistently debated question: where should a claimant be entitled to sue when reputation, privacy, or personal data are infringed across borders? As the book makes clear from the outset, this question lies at the intersection of private international law, fundamental rights, and the realities of online communication. Personality rights disputes are structurally conflictual, typically opposing the protection of moral integrity to freedom of expression, while the Internet continues to strain jurisdictional rules built around territorial connecting factors. Against this backdrop, the book offers a timely and systematic assessment of the EU framework.
Chapter I constitutes the analytical core of the work. It provides a detailed examination of Article 7(2) of the Brussels I-bis Regulation and the Court of Justice’s case law on the ‘place of the harmful event’ in personality rights disputes. From Shevill to eDate Advertising, Bolagsupplysningen, Mittelbayerischer and Gtflix, Marola carefully examines the construction of locus actus and locus damni, focusing in particular on the publisher’s place of establishment, the persistence of the ‘mosaic’ approach, and jurisdiction based on the victim’s centre of interests. The chapter goes beyond doctrinal reconstruction by assessing these solutions against the objectives of proximity, predictability, and procedural balance, and by advancing a well-argued proposal de lege ferenda.
Chapter II places the EU approach in comparative perspective through an analysis of US jurisdictional doctrine in defamation and online tort cases. By retracing the path from Keeton and Calder to the rise and decline of the Zippo test and the renewed prominence of the ‘effects’ doctrine, the chapter sheds light on both convergences and structural differences. In doing so, it provides a useful corrective to overly enthusiastic transatlantic borrowings sometimes found in the European literature.
The final chapter turns to the General Data Protection Regulation and its interaction with the Brussels I-bis Regulation. Chapter III examines both public and private enforcement mechanisms, with particular attention to Article 79 GDPR and its implications for jurisdictional choice in data protection litigation. By integrating GDPR disputes into the broader analysis of personality rights, the book captures an increasingly central area of cross-border litigation.
Overall, the monograph combines doctrinal precision, critical insight, and pragmatic proposals, making it a valuable contribution for scholars and practitioners engaged with jurisdictional questions at the crossroads of EU private international law and fundamental rights.
On Thursday 12 February 2026, the Australasian Association of Private International Law (AAPrIL) is hosting its first seminar of 2026, as Professor Stephen Pitel presents free online and in-person (Qld, Australia) on the topic, ‘Reconsidering the “Proper Party” Basis for Jurisdiction’.
Abstract:
In several jurisdictions the fact that a defendant is a ‘proper party’ to a legal proceeding constitutes a sufficient basis for taking jurisdiction over that defendant. Advocates of the proper party basis rely on considerations of fairness and efficiency to support it. Do these considerations support the proper party basis, especially if it is given a wide scope? Recently Canadian courts have been reconsidering their approach to the proper party basis, as seen (somewhat opaquely) in Sinclair v Venezia Turismo, 2025 SCC 27. This presentation will explore that reconsideration and offer thoughts for changes in other jurisdictions including Australia and New Zealand.
Chair:
Mary Keyes is Professor of Law at Griffith University, and President of AAPrIL. She is a leading scholar on questions of international jurisdiction and international family law. Mary is co-author of Private International Law in Australia, and is a member of the Working Group on Jurisdiction at the Hague Conference on Private International Law.
Presenter:
Stephen Pitel Stephen G.A. Pitel is a Professor in the Faculty of Law at Western University. His research and teaching are focused on private international law, tort law, civil procedure and legal ethics. Stephen is the author of Conflict of Laws (3rd ed. 2025) and co-author of Private International Law in Common Law Canada: Cases, Text and Materials (5th ed. 2023) and Statutory Jurisdiction: An Analysis of the Court Jurisdiction and Proceedings Transfer Act (2012). His tort law scholarship includes co-authoring Fridman’s The Law of Torts in Canada (4th ed. 2020) and Cases and Materials on the Law of Torts (11th ed. 2023). In the field of legal ethics, Stephen is a contributor to Lawyers’ Ethics and Professional Regulation (4th ed. 2021). He is a former President of the Canadian Association for Legal Ethics.
Details:
Date and time: Thursday 12 February 2026, 5:00pm to 6:00pm (AEST)*
Date and time Thursday 12 February 2026, 5:00pm to 6:00pm (AEST)
in person: Griffith University, Southbank, Brisbane: Room 4.03 Building S07. The map is available here.
RSVP (essential): Please register via this link by COB Wednesday 11 February 2026, and advise whether you are attending in person or online. Please access the Teams link here. There is no cost.
* NZ. 8:00pm-9:pm; ACT, NSW, Tas and Vic. 6:00pm-7:00pm; SA, 5:30pm-6:30pm; Qld, PNG. 5:00pm-6:00pm; NT, 4:30pm-5:30pm; WA, 3:00pm-4:00pm
The Child Support Forum in cooperation with the International Union of Judicial Officers is pleased to invite every interested stakeholders of the cross border child support recovery to an open conference on January 28th, 2026 from 3 to 5:30 pm (CET).
According to Art. 41 of Regulation (EC) No. 4/2009 and Art. 32 of the 2007 Child Support Convention, the enforcement procedure shall be governed by the law of the state of enforcement. But in practice, the prospects of successfully initiating cross-border enforcement proceedings are not always easy to assess. In order to enforce successfully, it is necessary to know the specifics of the legal system of the state of enforcement (the Requested state).
Key questions in this context are:
The meeting aims to review the international legal framework and provide an overview of the various national enforcement systems. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the different systems from a legal policy perspective shall be discussed.
The participation is free of charge but registration is required.
To register, click here.
Following the successful release of Legal Challenges of China’s One Belt One Road Initiative: Private International Law Considerations late last year, as previously announced on this blog, co-editors Dr Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit (University of Tasmania) and Dr Sai Ramani Gariimella (South Asian University) are pleased to invite you to an upcoming online book launch.
This virtual event will feature insights from three distinguished contributors:
Presentations will be followed by a moderated Q & A and discussion session.
This event is open to the public; please refer to the attached flyer to scan the QR Code for Zoom access.
Comme d’habitude, l’actualité de la jurisprudence de la Cour de Strasbourg a été un peu moins chargée au cours des deux derniers moins de l’année puisque la deuxième quinzaine de décembre a été pratiquement neutralisée. Ce sont surtout les affaires françaises qui se sont raréfiées.
Dans cet arrêt, la chambre criminelle se prononce sur le contrôle de la décision de la chambre de l’instruction décidant de l’exécution du mandat d’arrêt européen après que la personne recherchée a consenti à sa remise. En interprétant l’article 695-31 du code de procédure pénale, elle limite l’accès au pourvoi au seul enjeu de la validité du consentement.
La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme se prononce pour la première fois sur les retards de paiement d’indemnités dues à des avocats au titre de l’aide judiciaire. Au-delà du cadre italien, l’affaire retient l’attention par la méthode qu’elle déploie pour analyser l’applicabilité de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et apprécier le caractère excessif du retard. La grille d’analyse est aisément transposable à d’autres systèmes juridiques et inscrit l’exécution des créances définitives dans le prolongement naturel de leur reconnaissance.
Présenté par le journaliste Laurent Neumann, Quid Juris est un podcast du Club des juristes, réalisé en partenariat avec Lefebvre Dalloz, qui décrypte chaque semaine l’actualité à travers le prisme du droit. Il donne la parole aux meilleurs professeurs, magistrats, avocats et experts du monde juridique. Cette semaine, Laurent Neumann reçoit Mattias Guyomar, président de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme. Gardienne des droits et libertés fondamentales, la Cour européenne est régulièrement critiquée parce qu’elle s’opposerait à la loi nationale et aux choix du législateur. Elle est ainsi au cœur des débats et polémiques sur l’État de droit, qui ne cessent de gagner du terrain. Pour la première fois depuis son élection en mai dernier, Mattias Guyomar prend la parole pour rappeler le rôle essentiel de la Cour européenne et réfuter les attaques dont elle est l’objet. Sans oublier de montrer comment elle défend, au quotidien, les droits et libertés de plus de 450 millions d’Européens.
Canada’s highest court does not grant leave to appeal in many cases involving private international law. In November 2025 it granted leave to appeal from NHK Spring Co., Ltd. v Cheung, 2024 BCCA 236, in which the British Columbia Court of Appeal agreed with the court below in holding that it had jurisdiction to hear a price fixing class action. The action is interesting because it involves what could be described as a “foreign” conspiracy that had effects within Canada.
The defendants are Japanese entities and the claim alleges that they conspired to fix the price of “suspension assemblies” which are a component of hard disk drives which are in turn a component of things like computers. The claim alleges that Canadians purchased products that contained these assemblies and because of the price fixing they paid more than they otherwise would have done.
The defendants object to being sued in British Columbia. As the Court of Appeal explained (at [11]), “None of the appellants have a relevant personal presence in Canada. Their headquarters are overseas. They do not operate in Canada. They do not carry out business in Canada for Assemblies. There have been no direct sales of Assemblies in Canada. There has been no pleading that they conspired to fix prices in Canada, actually fixed prices in Canada, or allocated markets within Canada. The initial action does not name a defendant located in Canada and there is no Canadian market for Assemblies. That market exists outside Canada. Assemblies are low cost components and any overcharge in relation to a particular final product is arguably negligible.”
British Columbia is one of the provinces that has adopted a statute on jurisdiction (the CJPTA) and it presumes a real and substantial connection to the forum, and thus territorial competence (jurisdiction), in a proceeding concerning a tort committed in the forum (s 10(g)). The Court of Appeal relied on several of its own prior decisions in stating (at [43]) that “The judge’s statement that the tort of conspiracy is committed where the harm occurs, even if the conspiracy is entered into elsewhere, is indisputably correct” (emphasis added). It went on to conclude that the presumed connection had not been rebutted by the defendants.
The parties’ written arguments for and against leave to appeal are available here. The defendants seek to have the SCC develop the law on how the place of a tort is identified. They raise the concern that the focus on the location of the harm does not sit well with earlier SCC decisions, notably Club Resorts (available here) rejecting the place of damage or injury as a sufficient jurisdictional connection. The defendants also ask the SCC to provide more clarification on how a presumption of jurisdiction is to be rebutted, though it should be noted that since those arguments were filed the SCC has released Sinclair v Venezia Turismo, 2025 SCC 27 which does contain significant discussion of that stage of the analysis.
In response, the plaintiffs argue that the law regarding the place of the tort of conspiracy for jurisdiction purposes is well-settled and not in need of development or revision. In the context of taking jurisdiction, it is acceptable for more than one place to be considered the place of a tort; a single place need not be identified. The plaintiffs rely on the longstanding approach in Moran v Pyle National (Canada) Ltd., [1975] SCR 393. Not surprisingly, both sides of the dispute rely on various aspects of the competing decisions in the English Brownlie litigation.
As is its practice, the SCC did not provide reasons for granting leave to appeal. We have to await clues in the oral argument and then of course the subsequent written decision to determine what the SCC thought warranted its involvement.
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